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Autonomy is not intelligence: why the future of unmanned systems must remain human

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Autonomy is not intelligence: why the future of unmanned systems must remain human


Quantum Systems is a Business Reporter client

In the midst of Russia’s war against Ukraine, one idea has gained remarkable traction: that fully autonomous drones represent the future of defence. Fewer humans, more machines, faster outcomes. Autonomy, in this narrative, is treated as a proxy for progress and often even for intelligence.

This is a dangerous misconception.

Ukraine’s ongoing resistance against Russia has shown the world, in the starkest possible terms, how profoundly modern warfare has changed. Large, expensive and slow-to-adapt systems are no longer the decisive factor. Instead, smaller, software-defined unmanned systems dominate the battlefield because they are fast to adapt, cost-efficient and integrated into a broader information ecosystem.

What we’ve learned from Ukraine is that what matters most is not whether a system can operate without human input for as long as possible. What matters is whether it can help humans see, understand and decide faster than their opponent.

The reality of the modern battlefield

Nowhere else has it become so clear how unforgiving real-world conditions are for technology. Systems operate in contested and unpredictable environments. GPS signals disappear. Communications are disrupted. Data is incomplete, outdated or contradictory. These are no longer edge cases; they are the baseline.

Fully autonomous systems may perform impressively in controlled settings, but in reality, when circumstances shift unexpectedly, the risk of failure increases sharply. Intelligence is not about operating in a vacuum but handling ambiguity, context and uncertainty – areas where humans remain essential.

This is why autonomy is so often mistaken for intelligence. We assume that removing humans from the loop automatically makes a system more advanced. In reality, it often removes the very element that allows systems to cope with complexity.

What AI is actually good at

Artificial intelligence has become indispensable in modern unmanned systems, not because it replaces human judgment but because it addresses a very practical problem: cognitive overload.

Modern conflicts generate enormous amounts of information: video feeds, sensor data, maps, alerts and signals arriving simultaneously. No human can process all of this in real time. AI excels at filtering noise, prioritising relevant signals, detecting patterns and preparing information for decision-makers.

In this sense, AI’s most meaningful role today is supportive. It shortens the path from observation to understanding, reduces the likelihood of human error in high-pressure situations and enables faster, better-informed decisions. The final responsibility, however, remains in human hands.

Team player: AI’s most meaningful role today is supportive (Quantum Systems)

Meaningful human control is not a brake on innovation

New technologies are transforming warfare while raising uncomfortable moral questions. Who is responsible when machines make life-or-death decisions? How do we ensure compliance with international law? How do democratic societies compete with adversaries who ignore ethical limits altogether?

The answer cannot be to stand still. Speed matters, and those who disregard rules will not pause for ethical debate. Equally, the response of democratic societies cannot be to abdicate responsibility.

Meaningful human control remains crucial. This does not mean humans must manually operate every function – automation handles speed, repetition and data processing. Humans provide context, judgment and ethical responsibility when needed, especially in complex or ambiguous situations. We must continue to invest and drive innovation – maintaining a technological edge means that this moral imperative can remain our strength, not a disadvantage on the battlefield.

Autonomy in weapons systems is not new – from automated air defence systems to fire-and-forget missiles. What AI does is accelerate and expand existing forms of automation. The decisive factor is therefore not whether autonomy exists, but how, under what rules and with what transparency oversight is ensured when systems encounter ambiguous circumstances.

Regulation must keep pace with reality

Regulation in defence technology is essential. Clear red lines must be drawn where ethics, responsible use and international law are concerned. At the same time, regulatory frameworks must be fast and adaptive enough to reflect today’s security realities.

Throughout Europe, clearer and more agile rules are needed to enable responsible innovation rather than stifling it. If regulation lags too far behind technological and geopolitical developments, democratic states risk losing the ability to protect their people, their sovereignty and their values.

This debate matters not only for Ukraine, but for Europe’s own security – from the Baltic states sitting on NATO’s Eastern flank to critical infrastructure protection at home.

The future will be unmanned – but not unhuman

Some argue that AI will inevitably make wars faster and more dangerous. The truth is more nuanced. AI can also reduce mistakes, improve situational awareness and help protect lives, if used responsibly.

Progress will not be defined by removing humans completely from the equation. It will be defined by how well systems support people under pressure, how transparently they communicate their limits and how firmly responsibility remains with human decision-makers.

The future of defence will indeed be increasingly unmanned. But intelligence is not measured by autonomy alone. And if we get this wrong, we risk building systems that are fast, but blind – powerful, but clueless in complex situations.

For democratic societies, that is a risk we cannot afford.

Vito Tomasi, Managing Director
Vito Tomasi, Managing Director (Quantum Systems UK)



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It has never been easier to start investing. As more take advantage, should you?

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It has never been easier to start investing. As more take advantage, should you?


When you think of an investor, what kind of person comes to mind? What are their interests, their job? Are they an older man wearing a pin-striped suit and a bowler hat?

It might surprise you that the average investor age in the UK is 49 years old – down from 55 years old over the last five years.

And with more than 13 million DIY investor accounts in the UK, it’s likely that the average investor looks more like one of your mates than someone out of The Wolf of Wall Street.

The UK is historically quite wary of investing, and it’s been something that the financial industry and governments have been trying to tackle for years.

We’re starting to see the fruits of these efforts trickle through; latest Boring Money data reveals that DIY investing accounts grew over 19 per cent in the last year. Roughly one-third of the population now invests, up from about a quarter in 2020, and it’s becoming more mainstream by the day.

Start small, stay consistent – let the market do the work

It’s a common misconception that you need to have a lot of money to be an investor. The median amount invested by DIY investors is around £15,000, but you can start with as little as £1.

Neither does it have to be done in one big hit. Lots of providers allow you to set up regular investing – often £25 a month minimum, but a few let you regularly invest less.

Setting up these direct debits can also be a good idea – you drip feed into markets and average out the price which you buy at, so smoothing out any ups and downs along the way.

And you don’t have to be a maths genius or obsessively checking the markets – there are plenty of tools and account types that can do this for you.

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Robo-advisors are automated, algorithm-driven financial planning and investment services requiring little to no human supervision. A typical robo-advisor asks questions about your financial situation and future goals when you set up the account, then will match you to one of their ready-made portfolios and automatically invest for you.

Find your investment “playlist”

If you don’t want to go down the robo-route, but aren’t sure which to pick, you can take a look at some of last year’s best-selling funds for inspiration. These four funds below appeared on multiple investment platforms’ best-selling lists every month in 2025.

They are all low-cost global collections of shares which are well diversified. Think of them like an investment playlist curated for you to serve up a bundle of shares in one easy-to-buy package.

The idea is that you can buy one product which is very broadly spread around lots of different companies which minimises the risk of any one thing going horribly wrong.

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Fidelity Index World: a very cheap way to buy about 1,300 of the world’s largest companies in one go, pre-wrapped into one single investment product which costs about £1.20 a year for every £1,000 invested here.

HSBC FTSE All-World Index: a similar global option with over 3,000 companies and emerging markets too, so you get exposure to India, China and Brazil too, for example. Good if you don’t want too much exposure to the US.

Vanguard FTSE Global All Cap Index: a very diversified option. It has shares in about 7,000–8,000 companies with a small proportion in smaller companies, about 10 per cent in emerging markets, and slightly less in the US than some peers – a bit pricier than some trackers but still really good value – about £2.30 a year for every £1,000 invested here.

Vanguard LifeStrategy 100% Equity: one with a heavier British weighting – about 20 to 25 per cent invested in the UK.

Starting from scratch

If you’re a total beginner and want one of these global options to get started, you could compare platforms which will let you buy funds and won’t cost a lot for a small amount. Hargreaves Lansdown and AJ Bell are good options if you have small balances and want to buy a fund like the above. Or you can open an ISA with Vanguard and pop one of their ready-made ‘LifeStrategy’ funds into it.

If you prefer to buy and sell shares or exchange traded funds then Trading 212 and Freetrade are good low-cost ISA providers for smaller balances.

Investing has never been easier.

The average investor age is dropping, the amount you need to invest is low, and people are investing less, but more regularly. There are plenty of different platforms, things to invest in and ways to invest.

People talk about “time in the market, not timing the market” – that means if you’re in it for the long-haul, and can afford to invest small amounts regularly, you’ll be in a great place further down the line. The most important thing is to just get started and build up over time.

When investing, your capital is at risk and you may get back less than invested. Past performance doesn’t guarantee future results.



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How do you spot a fake online review?

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How do you spot a fake online review?



Britain’s competition watchdog has vowed to tackle fake and misleading online reviews “head on” as it launched investigations into firms including Just Eat and Autotrader.

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) said reviews are used by 90% of consumers when they buy over the internet and play a large part in the UK’s over £200 billion online retail sector.

But up to 50% of online reviews are fake, according to recent research by tech firm Truth Engine.

The CMA said its latest action against firms comes as part of a clampdown on fake and misleading reviews as shoppers increasingly rely on customer feedback when shopping online.

Emma Cochrane, executive director for consumer protection at the CMA, told the Press Association: “It’s so important that consumers can have trust in those reviews because we know that nine in 10 of us rely on them when we’re shopping, and that retail shopping in the UK is billions of pounds worth a year.

“It’s so important that consumers can have trust and confidence when they’re shopping online.”

Here are the CMA’s tips for spotting and avoiding fake reviews:

– Read the reviews

Shoppers often get taken in by five-star ratings without actually reading what people have to say about a product or service.

“You’ll be surprised at how many reviews sound dubious, overly vague or even totally unrelated to the item they’re supposedly endorsing,” the CMA said.

– Be alert to AI-generated reviews

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to make fake reviews sound fluent, polished and highly convincing.

“If a review feels a bit too slick, reads like it’s been perfectly crafted, or uses very similar wording to others, it may not reflect a real customer’s experience,” the CMA warned.

– Take a look at the other ratings

Look beyond the five-star ratings.

Three or four-star reviews are less likely to be fake, and they can be more useful to give a genuine, overall assessment.

– Check out multiple sites

Looking across several sites can help shoppers see patterns and provide a more consistent picture.

“Check a few different review sites. If you’re seeing the same kind of reviews coming up again and again, it’s more likely to be fake,” said Ms Cochrane.



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JustEat and Autotrader among firms investigated in fake reviews probe

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JustEat and Autotrader among firms investigated in fake reviews probe



The UK’s competition watchdog says it is looking at five firms in its investigation into misleading online reviews.



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