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First fully recyclable, sub-micrometer printed electronics could reshape how displays are made

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First fully recyclable, sub-micrometer printed electronics could reshape how displays are made


A fully printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistor with an ion gel gate printed on top of flexible Kapton, capable of bending around a rod with a two-millimeter diameter. Kapton is commonly used in a variety of demanding applications such as flexible printed circuits and high-temperature electronics. Credit: Aaron Franklin, Duke University

Electrical engineers at Duke University have demonstrated the ability to print fully functional and recyclable electronics at sub-micrometer scales. The technique could impact the more than $150 billion electronic display industry and its environmental impact while providing a toehold for U.S. manufacturing to gain traction in a vital and quickly growing industry.

The research appears in the journal Nature Electronics.

“If we want to seriously increase U.S.-based manufacturing in areas dominated by global competitors, we need transformational technologies,” said Aaron Franklin, the Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Chemistry at Duke.

“Our process prints carbon-based transistors that can be fully recycled and provide comparable performance to industry standards. It’s too promising of a result not to be given further attention.”

Electronic displays play a key role across just about every industry: think TVs, computer screens, watch faces and car displays. Nearly all of them are made overseas, mostly in South Korea, China and Taiwan.

The has a significant due to the greenhouse gas emissions and enormous energy footprint required by vacuum-based processing. And to top it off, according to a United Nations estimate, less than a quarter of the millions of pounds of electronics thrown away each year are recycled.

  • Printing technique could vastly improve the environmental impact of digital displays
    A closeup look at the tiny needle used in the Hummink printing technology. The needle is essentially attached to a tuning fork, which moves the needle rapidly above the printing surface. Natural competing surface energies pull tiny amounts of ink out to print designs with submicrometer precision. Credit: Alex Sanchez, Duke University
  • Printing technique could vastly improve the environmental impact of digital displays
    Credit: Alex Sanchez, Duke University

Several years ago, Franklin’s laboratory developed the world’s first fully recyclable printed electronics. That demonstration, however, used aerosol jet printing that can’t form features smaller than 10 micrometers, greatly limiting their potential applications in the world of consumer electronics.

In the new research, Franklin and his colleagues worked with Hummink Technologies to break through this size barrier. Their “high precision capillary printing” machines use natural competing surface energies to pull tiny amounts of ink out of an equally tiny pipette. This is the same phenomenon that makes paper towels so absorbent, as liquid is drawn into the narrow spaces between their fibers.

“We sent Hummink some of our inks and had some promising results,” said Franklin. “But it wasn’t until we got one of their printers here at Duke that my group could harness its real potential.”

The researchers used three carbon-based inks made from carbon nanotubes, graphene and nanocellulose that can be easily printed onto rigid substrates like glass and silicon or flexible substrates like paper or other environmentally friendly surfaces. These are essentially the same inks that were originally demonstrated in Franklin’s previous research, but with tweaked fluid properties that allow them to work with the Hummink printers.

In the demonstration, they show this combination of novel ink and hardware can print features tens of micrometers long with small, submicrometer-sized gaps between them.

These small, consistently formed gaps form the channel length of the carbon-based thin-film transistors (TFTs), with smaller channel dimensions translating to strong electrical performance. And it’s these kinds of transistors that form the backplane control of all flat-panel displays.

“These types of fabrication approaches will never replace silicon-based, high-performance computer chips, but there are other markets where we think they could be competitive—and even transformative,” said Franklin.

Behind every digital display in the world is a huge array of microscopic thin-film transistors that control each pixel. While OLED displays require more current and need at least two transistors for each pixel, LCD displays require only one.

  • Printing technique could vastly improve the environmental impact of digital displays
    A fully printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistor with an ion gel gate printed on top of flexible Kapton, capable of bending around a rod with a two-millimeter diameter. Kapton is commonly used in a variety of demanding applications such as flexible printed circuits and high-temperature electronics. Credit: Aaron Franklin, Duke University
  • Printing technique could vastly improve the environmental impact of digital displays
    The Duke University logo printed with microscopic precision with silver nanoparticles, demonstrating the abilities of the Hummink printers. Credit: Aaron Franklin, Duke University

In a previous study, the researchers were able to demonstrate their printed, recyclable transistors driving a few pixels of an LCD display. And Franklin believes the new submicrometer printed TFTs are close to having the performance needed for demonstrating the same for OLED displays.

While there are other potential use cases for this technology, such as squeezing more sensors into a chip’s footprint to increase its accuracy, Franklin believes digital displays are the most promising. Besides being fully recyclable, the printing process requires much less energy and produces many fewer than traditional TFT manufacturing methods.

“Displays being fabricated with something similar to this technique is the most feasible large-scale application I’ve ever had come out of my lab,” said Franklin.

“The only real obstacle, to me, is getting sufficient investment and interest in addressing the remaining obstacles to realizing the considerable potential.”

“Unfortunately, the National Science Foundation program that we were pursuing funding from to continue working on this, called the Future Manufacturing program, was cut earlier this year. But we’re hoping to find a fit in a different program in the near future.”

More information:
Brittany N. Smith, et al. Capillary flow printing of submicrometre carbon nanotube transistors, Nature Electronics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-025-01470-7

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Duke University


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This Jackery Power Station Can Save You in an Emergency, and It’s on Sale for $199

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This Jackery Power Station Can Save You in an Emergency, and It’s on Sale for 9


Here in the Pacific Northwest, we’re heading into the cold and windy season, which generally means power outages. One of the best ways to stay prepared for those cold and dark days is a portable power station like the Jackery Explorer 300 Plus, which is currently marked down by $100 at Best Buy and by the same amount at B&H. It’s compact enough to tuck away in a cabinet for a rainy day, but still has enough juice to power small and medium sized devices.

I actually picked up one of these a few weeks ago ahead of a big windstorm, and although I fortunately didn’t have to use it, I did run some quick tests on it to make sure everything was in working order. Every device I connected to the Jackery started charging at its fastest rate instantly, and I plugged my router in as well, which happily ran off the outlet with no issue. While I didn’t get a chance to drain the battery, it has a 288-watt-hour capacity that’s excellent for many charges of smaller devices like phones and tablets, or hours of use keeping your small appliances awake.

It has a raft of ports for charging and powering your various devices. There’s a regular USB-A port with a 15W max for incidentals, plus two USB-C ports with a 100W max, one of which is also used as the input to charge the power station. There’s a traditional American 120V outlet too, with a 300W limit, in case the lower wattage USB ports don’t quite fit the bill for your most demanding equipment. There’s even a charger of the style you find in cars, in case you have accessories that need it.

If you’re worried the Explorer 300 Plus won’t have enough juice to get you through a long outage, or you’re a frequent road tripper, I also spotted several Jackery solar panels marked down at Best Buy. The smaller 40W solar panel is marked down to $79 from $130, and the larger 100W version is discounted down to $198 from $299. While this smaller model is great for individuals and occasional use, make sure to check out our other favorite portable power stations for bigger batteries.



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Former USDS Leaders Launch Tech Reform Project to Fix What DOGE Broke

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Former USDS Leaders Launch Tech Reform Project to Fix What DOGE Broke


The past year has been traumatic for many of the volunteer tech warriors of what was once called the United States Digital Service (USDS). The team’s former coders, designers, and UX experts have watched in horror as Donald Trump rebranded the service as DOGE, effectively forced out its staff, and employed a strike force of young and reckless engineers to dismantle government agencies under the guise of eliminating fraud. But one aspect of the Trump initiative triggered envy in tech reformers: the Trump administration’s fearlessness in upending generations of cruft and inertia in government services. What if government leaders actually used that decisiveness and clout in service of the people instead of following the murky agendas of Donald Trump or DOGE maestro Elon Musk?

A small though influential team is proposing to answer that exact question, working on a solution they hope to deploy during the next Democratic administration. The initiative is called Tech Viaduct, and its goal is to create a complete plan to reboot how the US delivers services to citizens. The Viaduct cadre of experienced federal tech officials is in the process of cooking up specifics on how to remake the government, aiming to produce initial recommendations by the spring. By 2029, if a Democrat wins, it hopes to have its plan adopted by the White House.

Tech Viaduct’s advisory panel includes former Obama chief of staff and Biden’s secretary of Veterans Affairs Denis McDonough; Biden’s deputy CTO Alexander Macgillivray; Marina Nitze, former CTO of the VA; and Hillary Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook. But most attention-grabbing is its senior adviser and spiritual leader, Mikey Dickerson, the crusty former Google engineer who was the first leader of USDS. His hands-on ethic and unfiltered distaste for bureaucracy embodied the spirit of Obama’s tech surge. No one is more familiar with how government tech services fail American citizens than Dickerson. And no one is more disgusted with the various ways they have fallen short.

Dickerson himself unwittingly put the Viaduct project in motion last April. He was packing up the contents of his DC-area condo to move as far away as possible from the political scrum (to an abandoned sky observatory in a remote corner of Arizona) when McDonough suggested he meet with Mook. When the two got together, they bemoaned the DOGE initiative but agreed that the impulse to shred the dysfunctional system and start over was a good one. “The basic idea is that it’s too hard to get things done,” says Dickerson. “They’re not wrong about that.” He admits that Democrats had blown a big opportunity “For 10 years we’ve had tiny wins here and there but never terraformed the whole ecosystem,” Dickerson says. “What would that look like?”

Dickerson was surprised a few months later when Mook called him to say he found funding from Searchlight Institute, a liberal think tank devoted to novel policy initiatives, to get the idea off the ground. (A Searchlight spokesperson says that the think tank is budgeting $1 million for the project.) Dickerson, like Al Pacino in Godfather III, was pulled back in. Ironically, it was Trump’s reckless-abandon approach to government that convinced him that change was possible. “When I was there, we were severely outgunned, 200 people running around trying to improve websites,” he says. “Trump has knocked over all the beehives—the beltway bandits, the contractor industrial complex, the union industrial complex.”

Tech Viaduct has two aims. The first is to produce a master plan to remake government services—establishing an unbiased procurement process, creating a merit-based hiring process, and assuring oversight to make sure things don’t go awry. (Welcome back, inspector generals!) The idea is to design signature-ready executive orders and legislative drafts that will guide the recruiting strategy for a revitalized civil service. In the next few months, the group plans to devise and test a framework that could be executed immediately in 2029, without any momentum-killing consensus building. In Viaduct’s vision that consensus will be achieved before the election. “Thinking up bright ideas is going to be the easy part,“ Dickerson says. “As hard as we’re going to work in the next three to six months, we’re going to have to spend another two to three years, through a primary season and through an election, advocating as if we were a lobbying group.”



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Why Everyone Is Suddenly in a ‘Very Chinese Time’ in Their Lives

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Why Everyone Is Suddenly in a ‘Very Chinese Time’ in Their Lives


In case you didn’t get the memo, everyone is feeling very Chinese these days. Across social media, people are proclaiming that “You met me at a very Chinese time of my life,” while performing stereotypically Chinese-coded activities like eating dim sum or wearing the viral Adidas Chinese jacket. The trend blew up so much in recent weeks that celebrities like comedian Jimmy O Yang and influencer Hasan Piker even got in on it. It has now evolved into variations like “Chinamaxxing” (acting increasingly more Chinese) and “u will turn Chinese tomorrow” (a kind of affirmation or blessing).

It’s hard to quantify a zeitgeist, but here at WIRED, chronically online people like us have been noticing a distinct vibe shift when it comes to China over the past year. Despite all of the tariffs, export controls, and anti-China rhetoric, many people in the United States, especially younger generations, have fallen in love with Chinese technology, Chinese brands, Chinese cities, and are overall consuming more Chinese-made products than ever before. In a sense the only logical thing left to do was to literally become Chinese.

“It has occurred to me that a lot of you guys have not come to terms with your newfound Chinese identity,” the influencer Chao Ban joked in a TikTok video that has racked up over 340,000 likes. “Let me just ask you this: Aren’t you scrolling on this Chinese app, probably on a Chinese made phone, wearing clothes that are made in China, collecting dolls that are from China?”

Everything Is China

As is often the case with Western narratives about China, these memes are not really meant to paint an accurate picture of life in the country. Instead, they function as a projection of “all of the undesirable aspects of American life—or the decay of the American dream,” says Tianyu Fang, a PhD researcher at Harvard who studies science and technology in China.

At a moment when America’s infrastructure is crumbling and once-unthinkable forms of state violence are being normalized, China is starting to look pretty good in contrast. “When people say it’s the Chinese century, part of that is this ironic defeat,” says Fang.

As the Trump administration remade the US government in its own image and smashed long-standing democratic norms, people started yearning for an alternative role model, and they found a pretty good one in China. With its awe-inspiring skylines and abundant high-speed trains, the country serves as a symbol of the earnest and urgent desire among many Americans for something completely different from their own realities.

Critics frequently point to China’s massive clean energy investments to highlight America’s climate policy failures, or they point to its urban infrastructure development to shame the US housing shortage. These narratives tend to emphasize China’s strengths while sidelining the uglier facets of its development—but that selectivity is the point. China is being used less as a real place than as an abstraction, a way of exposing America’s own shortcomings. As writer Minh Tran observed in a recent Substack post, “In the twilight of the American empire, our Orientalism is not a patronizing one, but an aspirational one.”

Part of why China is on everyone’s mind is that it’s become totally unavoidable. No matter where you live in the world, you are likely going to be surrounded by things made in China. Here at WIRED, we’ve been documenting that exhaustively: Your phone or laptop or robot vacuum is made in China; your favorite AI slop joke is made in China; Labubu, the world’s most coveted toy, is made in China; the solar panels powering the Global South are made in China; the world’s best-selling EV brand, which officially overtook Tesla last year, is made in China. Even the most-talked about open-source AI model is from China. All of these examples are why this newsletter is called Made in China.





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