In recent years, energy engineers have been trying to design new reliable batteries that can store more energy and allow electronics to operate for longer periods of time before they need to be charged. Some of the most promising among these newly developed batteries are solid-state batteries, which contain solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones.

Compared to batteries with liquid electrolytes that are widely used today, solid-state batteries could exhibit higher energy densities (i.e., could store more energy) and longer lifetimes. However, many of these batteries have been found to be unstable, due to unwanted chemical reactions that occur between their high-voltage cathodes (i.e., positive electrodes) and solid electrolytes, which can speed up the degradation of the batteries’ performance over time.

These undesirable side reactions are particularly common in sodium-ion (Na⁺) solid-state batteries, which use Na⁺ ions to store and release electrical energy. This is because while Na is more abundant and cheaper than lithium, Na-ion batteries are inherently more chemically reactive than Li-ion batteries.

Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently introduced a promising strategy to increase the durability and performance of solid-state Na-based solid-state batteries, by minimizing side reactions between their underlying cathodes and solid electrolytes. This strategy, outlined in a paper published in Nature Energy, entails the growth of a dense metal-organic framework (MOF) layer on the surface of high-voltage cathodes, which could prevent them from reacting with solid electrolytes.

“Side reactions between high-voltage cathodes and electrolytes remain a critical obstacle to the advancement of solid-state batteries—particularly for Na-ion systems—due to the higher Na⁺/Na redox potential,” wrote Yuan Liu, Huican Mao and their colleagues in their paper.

“Despite recent extensive efforts, achieving a long cycle life is still challenging at the 4.2 V cut-off (versus Na⁺/Na). We design a room-temperature isotropic epitaxial growth to achieve a relatively uniform and dense metal–organic framework epilayer on Na₃V₂O₂(PO₄)₂F surfaces.”

To assess the potential of their approach, the researchers grew a uniform MOF coating on Na₃V₂O₂(PO₄)₂F cathodes via a process known as room-temperature isotropic epitaxial growth. They then created a solid-state battery, pairing this coated electrode with a solid electrolyte based on the polymer polyethylene oxide.

“Despite using polyethylene oxide, a typical ether-based solid polymer electrolyte, the cathode with isotropic epilayer exhibits enhanced cycling performance at the 4.2 V cut-off (retaining up to 77.9% of its initial capacity after 1,500 cycles),” wrote the authors.

“Combining experimental measurements and theoretical analyses, the key factor governing isotropic epitaxial growth behavior is explicitly elucidated. Furthermore, we develop a self-designed high-sensitivity characterization method, in situ linear sweep voltammetry coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, to elucidate the failure mechanism of polyethylene oxide on Na₃V₂O₂(PO₄)₂F surfaces and to reveal the excellent electrochemical stability of the isotropic epilayer.”

In initial tests, solid-state batteries based on the team’s coated cathode material were found to perform remarkably well, exhibiting significantly fewer side reactions between the cathode and electrolyte. Notably, the strategy they employed could also be applied to other cathodes and batteries with different compositions.

Other researchers could soon draw inspiration from this study and employ similar strategies to stabilize other Na-based solid-state batteries. In the future, the isotropic epitaxial method developed by Liu, Mao and their colleagues could ultimately contribute to the large-scale deployment of durable and reliable solid-state batteries with high-energy densities.

© 2025 Science X Network

Not long into his new documentary, Oobah Butler tells the cofounder of his newly minted company, Drops, that they should create a piece of luxury luggage that “looks like a bomb” and will sell for $200,000.

Immediately, I’m thinking his quest to get £1 million in 90 days might have come to an early end.

But I’m wrong.

Butler is a British prankster documentarian who is known for his stunts, like managing to get Amazon to sell its drivers’ urine as energy drinks or creating a fake restaurant called the Shed and gaming TripAdvisor to make it the top-rated London restaurant on the platform. His latest documentary, made for the UK’s Channel 4, is called How I Made £1 Million in 90 Days. Set in London and New York, it takes on the worlds of startups, venture capital, crypto, and what ultimately comes across as a lot of bullshitting, in the name of striking it rich quick.

Butler opens the film by saying, as someone who didn’t grow up with money and isn’t particularly motivated by it, he’s fascinated by the fact that people “idolize” wealthy entrepreneurs.

“It came from a place of wanting to understand why … everyone is so obsessed with money in this way,” he tells WIRED. “And I’m not talking about survival. I’m not talking about affording to exist. I’m talking about … being addicted to the making of money.”

His only rules for getting £1 million ($1.3 million USD) are that he’s not allowed to break the law and whatever costs he incurs trying to make it are his to bear. He employs several strategies to rack up the cash, including simply asking rich people for it (this doesn’t go well) and creating hype for crypto company UNFK by doing things like tricking bankers into committing crimes on camera. He also creates Drops, a company that makes news for its controversial stunts and then tries to capitalize on the attention by selling “very overpriced” items.

Butler seeks the advice of Venmo cofounder Iqram Magdon-Ismail, who quickly declares himself Butler’s cofounder on Drops and seems very enthusiastic at first, musing that the company is already “worth at least $10 million” just because the two of them are attached to it, and that they might be able sell out Madison Square Garden in a year’s time to tell their story. Their brainstorming session includes schemes for buying the first piece of land on Mars and selling the opportunity to name the “first branded species.” But after Butler suggests the bomb-like suitcase and a pair of “real life ad blocking sunglasses” that remove the wearer’s vision entirely, Magdon-Ismail temporarily ghosts him.

Butler then embarks on a memecoin adventure that goes south, before coming back to Drops and launching the “first legal child sweatshop in Britain in over a century.” He finds a loophole to avoid paying the child workers, reasoning that because he is filming the kids for the documentary, they are technically performers. His underage staff help him come up with marketing ideas to sell bespoke soccer jerseys featuring a fake religious cigarette brand called Holy Smokes. Though the clothing line gets coverage in GQ, Butler doesn’t sell anything close to £1 million worth of jerseys.

Artificial intelligence company Anthropic has signed a multibillion-dollar deal with Google to acquire more of the computing power needed for the startup’s chatbot, Claude.

Anthropic said Thursday the deal will give it access to up to 1 million of Google’s AI computer chips and is “worth tens of billions of dollars and is expected to bring well over a gigawatt of capacity online in 2026.”

A gigawatt, when used in reference to a power plant, is enough to power roughly 350,000 homes, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Google calls its specialized AI chips Tensor Processing Units, or TPUs. Anthropic’s AI systems also run on chips from Nvidia and the cloud computing division of Amazon, Anthropic’s first big investor and its primary cloud provider.

The privately held Anthropic, founded by ex-OpenAI leaders in 2021, last month put its value at $183 billion after raising another $13 billion in investments. Its AI assistant Claude competes with OpenAI’s ChatGPT and others in appealing to business customers using it to assist with coding and other tasks.

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