Tech
How to ensure high-quality synthetic wireless data when real-world data runs dry
To train artificial intelligence (AI) models, researchers need good data and lots of it. However, most real-world data has already been used, leading scientists to generate synthetic data. While the generated data helps solve the issue of quantity, it may not always have good quality, and assessing its quality has been overlooked.
Wei Gao, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, has collaborated with researchers from Peking University to develop analytical metrics to qualitatively evaluate the quality of synthetic wireless data. The researchers have created a novel framework that significantly improves the task-driven training of AI models using synthetic wireless data.
Their work is detailed on the arXiv preprint server in a study titled “Data Can Speak for Itself: Quality-Guided Utilization of Wireless Synthetic Data,” which received the Best Paper Award in June at the MobiSys 2025 International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services.
Assessing affinity and diversity
“Synthetic data is vital for training AI models, but for modalities such as images, video, or sound, and especially wireless signals, generating good data can be difficult,” said Gao, who also directs the Pitt Intelligent Systems Laboratory.
Gao has developed metrics to quantify affinity and diversity, essential qualities for synthetic data to be used for effectively training AI models.
“Generated data shouldn’t be random,” said Gao. “Take human faces. If you’re training an AI model to identify human faces, you need to ensure that the images of faces represent actual faces. They can’t have three eyes or two noses. They must have affinity.”
The images also need diversity. Training an AI model on a million images of an identical face won’t achieve much. While the faces must have affinity, they must also be different, as human faces are. As Gao noted, “AI models learn from variation.”
Different tasks have different requirements for judging affinity and diversity. Recognizing a specific human face is different than distinguishing it from that of a dog or a cat, with each task having unique data requirements. Therefore, in systemically assessing the quality of synthetic data, the team applied a task-specific approach.
“We applied our method to downstream tasks and evaluated the existing work of synthesizing data,” said Gao. “We found that most synthetic data achieved good diversity, but some had problems satisfying affinity, especially wireless signals.”
The challenge of synthetic wireless data
Today, wireless signals are used in technologies such as home and sleep monitoring, interactive gaming, and virtual reality. Cell phone and Wi-Fi signals, as radio waves, hit objects and bounce back toward their source. These signals can be interpreted to indicate everything from sleep patterns to the shape of a person sitting on a couch.
To advance this technology, researchers need more wireless data to train models to recognize human behaviors in the signal patterns. However, as a waveform, the signals are difficult for humans to evaluate.
It’s not like human faces, which can be clearly defined. “Our research found that current synthetic wireless data is limited in its affinity,” said Gao. “This leads to mislabeled data and degraded task performance.”
To improve affinity in wireless signals, the researchers took a semi-supervised learning approach. “We used a small amount of labeled synthetic data, which was verified as legitimate,” Gao said. “We used this data to teach the model what is and isn’t legitimate.”
Gao and his collaborators developed SynCheck, a framework that filters out synthetic wireless samples with low affinity and labels the remaining samples during iterative training of a model.
“We found that our system improves performance by 4.3% whereas a nonselective use of synthetic wireless data degrades performance by 13.4%,” Gao noted.
This research takes an important first step toward ensuring not just an endless stream of data, but of quality data that scientists can use to train more sophisticated AI models.
More information:
Chen Gong et al, Data Can Speak for Itself: Quality-guided Utilization of Wireless Synthetic Data, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2506.23174
Citation:
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More Family Board Games
Photograph: Simon Hill
There are so many family board games. Here are a few more we liked.
Dorfromantik: The Duel for $25: Based on the video game Dorfromantik, which spawned a cooperative board game, this spin-off pits you against another player as you draw tiles to build a landscape and try to complete tasks along the way. With identical sets in red and blue, it’s all about who builds a better environment to satisfy their villagers and score the most points. Play time is under an hour. You could play with two teams, but it works best as a two-player game.
Hey Hey Relay for $15: This super silly dice game is a race between two teams with challenge cards prompting silly voices and physical actions before you can proceed. It’s fast and chaotic to play, but probably best for younger kids (the makers suggest 6 years and up). My kids didn’t like it much, but this could be a fun party game.
Ship Show for $29: This cooperative game casts players as stockers and shippers and challenges them to correctly ship orders by guessing the correct tiles based on clues provided by the way they have been grouped. The time limit adds pressure, and this can be fun for the right group (you need to be on the same wavelength), but we found the wait for the stockers to set up was dull for shippers, and the scoring was laborious.
Flip 7 for $21: The thrill of pushing your luck is the draw for this hybrid card game, as you hit or stick Blackjack-style, trying to get seven different face-up cards. Special action cards and modifiers mix things up, allowing for some tactical play. Suitable for three or more players aged 8 and up, it only takes 20 minutes to play.
Tension: The Top 10 Naming Game for $43: Topic cards have 10 items within a category, and the opposing team has 60 seconds to guess as many as they can. Cards are divided into two colors (easy and harder), making it easy to play with kids or adjust the difficulty on the fly. This works well with any age or team size, but be prepared for lots of shouting and laughing.
You Gotta Be Kitten Me! for $13: A simple twist on liar’s dice that focuses on bluffing and calling bluffs; I am of two minds about this game. On the one hand, the game is nothing special, but on the other, cute cats! My moggy-obsessed daughter immediately wanted to play, and we had a few laughs with outrageous bluffs on the number of glasses, hats, and bow ties on these felines.
Poetry for Neanderthals for $18: Every card has a word, and your seemingly simple task is to get your team to correctly guess it within the time limit by speaking in single syllables only. If you break the rules, the opposition can hit you with the inflatable “No” stick. Suitable for two to eight players aged 7 and up, it’s loud, silly, and usually makes everyone laugh.
Danger Danger for $10: Fast and frenetic, this simple card game for two teams is about trying to have high-scoring cards showing at the end of each round. There are no turns, you can cover the other team’s cards, and rounds are timed, but you must guess when the round will end. Super simple and very quick to play, this game can get chaotic.
That Escalated Quickly for $12: This game is quick, easy, and fun for up to eight players. Featuring scenarios such as “I have invented a new sport, what is it?” players must provide suggestions from least dangerous (1) to most dangerous (10) based on their assigned number for each round. The leader of the round has to try to get them in the correct order. It works best with witty players who know each other well.
Sounds Fishy for $20: Another fun group game from Big Potato, the challenge in Sounds Fishy is to spot fake answers. Each card poses a question, but only one of the answers you get is correct. It’s for four to 10 players, and we found it more fun but tougher with more people.
Cards Against Humanity: Family Edition for $29: You can play this party game with up to 30 players, and it will produce a fair bit of juvenile giggling and chortling. Like the adult version, there isn’t much strategy here, but finding the perfect combination to crack everyone up is satisfying.
Don’t Bother
We were not so keen on these games.
Photograph: Simon Hill
Zilence: As a group of zombie apocalypse survivors atop a skyscraper, you must choose the correct flight path to snag the resources you need, determined by cards. A tight time limit makes it tricky to pick the right routes from the tangled mess on the game board, and it can be assembled differently for replay value. But the backdrop feels incongruous, and we all agreed it wasn’t much fun to play.
Connecto: Connect different symbols on your board with a dry-erase marker based on a randomly drawn challenge card to make a picture of something (like connect the dots). The first one to guess what it’s supposed to be wins the round (some are only vaguely like what they’re meant to be). Longevity takes a hit, as there’s no fun in replaying solved puzzles.
A Game of Cat & Mouth: Incredibly simple, this dexterity game challenges you to fire rubber balls through a cat’s mouth with magnetic paws, but they end up everywhere. Games tend to be very one-sided, and my kids got bored almost immediately. It is also impossible to play with actual cats in the vicinity.
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This story originally appeared on Inside Climate News and is part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
Fueled by unusually warm waters, Hurricane Melissa this week turned into one of the strongest Atlantic storms ever recorded. Now a new rapid attribution study suggests human-induced climate change made the deadly tropical cyclone four times more likely.
Hurricane Melissa collided with Jamaica on Tuesday, wreaking havoc across the island before tearing through nearby Haiti and Cuba. The storm, which reached Category 5, reserved for the hurricanes with the most powerful winds, has killed at least 40 people across the Caribbean so far. Now weakened to a Category 2, it continues its path toward Bermuda, where landfall is likely on Thursday night, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Early reports of the damage are cataclysmic, particularly in hardest-hit western Jamaica. Winds reaching speeds of 185 miles per hour and torrential rain flattened entire neighborhoods, decimated large swaths of agricultural lands and forced more than 25,000 people—locals and tourists alike—to seek cover in shelters or hotel ballrooms. According to the new attribution study from Imperial College London, climate change ramped up Melissa’s wind speeds by 7 percent, which increased damages by 12 percent.
Losses could add up to tens of billions of dollars, experts say.
The findings echo similar reports released earlier this week on how global warming contributed to the likelihood and severity of Hurricane Melissa. Each of the analyses add to a growing body of research showing how ocean warming from climate change is fueling the conditions necessary for stronger tropical storms.
Hurricane Melissa is “kind of a textbook example of what we expect in terms of how hurricanes respond to a warming climate,” said Brian Soden, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Miami, who was not involved in the recent analyses. “We know that the warming ocean temperatures [are] being driven almost exclusively by increasing greenhouse gases.”
The storm has disrupted every aspect of life in this part of the Caribbean.
“There’s been massive dislocation of services. We have people living in shelters across the country,” Dennis Zulu, United Nations resident coordinator in Jamaica, said in a press conference on Wednesday. “What we are seeing in preliminary assessments is a country that’s been devastated to levels never seen before.”
The Climate Connection
For the rapid attribution study, researchers at Imperial College used the peer-reviewed Imperial College Storm Model, known as IRIS, which has created a database of millions of synthetic tropical cyclone tracks that can help fill in gaps on how storms operate in the real world.
The model essentially runs simulations on the likelihood of a given storm’s wind speed—often the most damaging factor—in a pre-industrial climate versus the current climate. Applying IRIS to Hurricane Melissa is how the researchers determined that human-induced warming supercharged the cyclone’s wind speed by 7 percent.
Step Away From Screens With the Best Family Board Games
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