In 2018, Chinese scientist He Jiankui shocked the world when he revealed that he had created the first gene-edited babies. Using Crispr, he tweaked the genes of three human embryos in an attempt to make them immune to HIV and used the embryos to start pregnancies.

The backlash against He was immediate. Scientists said the technology was too new to be used for human reproduction and that the DNA change amounted to genetic enhancement. The Chinese government charged him with “illegal medical practices” and he served a three-year prison sentence.

Now, a New York-based startup called Manhattan Genomics is reviving the debate around gene-edited babies. Its stated goal is to end genetic disease and alleviate human suffering by fixing harmful mutations at the embryo stage. The company has announced a group of “scientific contributors” that includes a prominent in vitro fertilization doctor, a data scientist who worked for deextinction company Colossal Biosciences, and two reproductive biologists from a major primate research center. A scientist who pioneered a technique to make embryos using DNA from three people is also involved.

“I like to take on challenges when I see them,” says cofounder Cathy Tie, a former Thiel fellow who left college at 18 to start her first company, Ranomics, a genomics screening service. As Tie sees it, that challenge is making the idea of human embryo editing more acceptable in society.

The idea of editing human embryos is tantalizing because any changes made to the reproductive cells are heritable. Snip out a disease-causing mutation in an embryo and it would be deleted from future generations as well. But gene-editing technology also has the potential to cause unintended “off-target” effects. Edit the wrong gene by mistake and it could give rise to cancer, for instance. Those mistakes would also be passed down to any future children.

While newer forms of gene editing are more precise, there are still ethical issues to contend with. The prospect of being able to manipulate the DNA of a human embryo has raised fears of a new kind of eugenics, where parents with the means to do so could make “designer babies” with traits that they select.

Tie says the goal of Manhattan Genomics—originally called the Manhattan Project when the company first launched in August—is disease correction, not enhancement. Unlike the original Manhattan Project, a secretive US government program during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons, Tie says her venture will operate openly and transparently. “We’re revolutionizing medicine, and this technology is definitely very powerful. That’s what I think is the commonality here with manipulating the nucleus of the atom and manipulating the nucleus of the cell,” she says.

China recently announced that it was putting new controls on the export of rare earth elements, sparking a new round in the country’s ongoing trade war with the US.

Donald Trump responded by threatening to ramp up tariffs on Chinese goods by a further 100%. This will all be under discussion when China’s president Xi Jinping and Trump meet on October 30 at the Asia Pacific Economic Conference in South Korea.

China has built an effective monopoly over rare earth metals, the 17 metallic elements that are not actually rare but are very difficult to mine and process. Most electric vehicles (EVs), smartphones or solar panels depend on these rare earths.

China mines 70% and refines 92% of these increasingly important metals, and manufactures 98% of the world’s rare earth magnets used in EVs, electronics, medical devices and other clean tech. In recent years, these essential minerals have become a crucial part of China’s economic agenda as it tries to focus on “high quality development” in advanced and green technology

The recent announcement from Beijing has raised concerns about global access to these essential minerals. If the supply of rare earths available to the outside world diminishes, the cost of manufacturing green tech would rise and drive up prices worldwide. If there is anything that would stall the development of the green economy, this could be it.

In response to the announcement, Trump initially suggested he might cancel an upcoming meeting with Chinese president Xi. However, the meeting now looks set to go ahead, and access to rare earths is likely to be high on the agenda.

Trump had also announced that he was considering a ban on exports to China of all products made with US software such as laptops and jet engines, and industrial equipment. This might reduce Beijing’s ability to design essential components for AI chips, hampering its bid for dominance in clean tech.

Prior to Trump’s latest threats, electric vehicles coming from China had already been hit by a 100% US tariff, while import duties for solar cells and lithium batteries stood at 50% and 25% respectively.

But the result might have surprised Trump. As US-made goods are exempt from tariffs from paying tariffs, Chinese firms have set up production sites in the US to circumvent Trump’s tariffs. Instead of helping domestic US companies, Trump’s policies have done the opposite.

For instance, the solar manufacturing capacity of Chinese firms based in the US has grown so large that it now accounts for 39% of all solar panel energy output in the country versus only 24% from US firms.

But even if Chinese clean tech sales in US were severely affected by the tariffs, most of China’s green tech is heading elsewhere.

Based on my estimations using data from the energy thinktank Ember, Chinese green tech exports globally in 2024 were valued at US$184.06 billion (£139 billion), while total exports to the US stood at US$20.66 billion. The US market accounted for only 11.2% of the total proportion of total Chinese green tech exports, while that number from January to September 2025 has dipped to 7.8%.

Compared to the EU (29.95%) and Asian market (27.97%) in 2024, the US market appears relatively small. So higher tariffs would harm China’s economy, but the damage may not be as substantial as Trump might imagine. However, the EU’s plans to meet climate targets is massively dependent on these Chinese exports.

Problems for Beijing?

The US has already put restrictions on which technologies China can buy from the US. China can still manufacture electric vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines without US software. But without the most advanced technologies from the US, Chinese firms will have fewer options.

While there are indications that the tech gap between Washington and Beijing may be shrinking, the US still possesses some of the most advanced technologies that are crucial for green tech development. These include advanced semiconductors, which are needed to make AI chips.

Such components and machinery are essential to China’s claim to green leadership since they allow users to automate EVs, solar panels and wind turbines, while ensuring their efficiency and optimizing energy use. Simply put, without the best semiconductors and the AI chips, China won’t be able to create world-leading clean tech.

China may have metals but without US chips and software, its green economic momentum might stall—at least until China’s semiconductor and AI tech catches up with the US. Chinese economic progress and its green leadership may be dependent on gaining better trade deals, even if it does still have a massive advantage.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

In railroad tracks, rail ties hold the rails in place and ensure that their separation does not change. Modern concrete ties warp and crack through repeated use, leading to safety concerns including derailment if not regularly maintained.

Research from The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign shows that damage to concrete ties can be mitigated using shape memory alloys (SMAs), metals with the ability to return to their original shape after they are deformed.

In a study led by civil and environmental engineering professor Bassem Andrawes, ties warped by simulated rail traffic were shown to return to their original state with the help of SMAs activated by induction heating. The paper, “Experimental Testing of Concrete Crossties Prestressed with Shape Memory Alloys,” is published in the Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems.

“We’re doing something that I think is unprecedented in rail transportation engineering,” Andrawes said. “We’re working with a commercial supplier of concrete rail ties to implement and test our designs. For our publication, we went beyond laboratory experiments and demonstrated compliance with rail industry standards. We’re very excited to continue our industrial partnership and develop a practical, working design.”

Degradation in concrete is traditionally prevented through the process of prestressing, in which pre-tensioned steel rods are inserted to exert forces which counteract the effects of heavy loads. While this technique is applied in rail ties, the difficulty is that different parts of the tie experience different stresses. In addition, the ties shift as the ballast—the gravel bed distributing weight and providing drainage—settles in response to traffic.

Andrawes believes that SMAs are an ideal solution because they can be inserted into ties then independently controlled with self-contained heat sources. The reinforcement they provide could quickly adapt to the specific circumstances the tie is experiencing at different locations in its structure.

“SMAs are examples of what we call ‘smart materials,'” Andrawes said. “You can deform them, twist them into wild new shapes, but they retain the memory of their original state in the molecular structure. When you apply heat, they know to return to that state. So, if you just have a heat source, then the SMA can guide a concrete structure back to the desired shape stored in the alloy’s memory.”

Working with Illinois Grainger Engineering civil and environmental engineering graduate student Ernesto Pérez-Claros, Andrawes decided to use induction heating, in which the heat to restore the SMAs to their original shape is provided by a time-varying electromagnetic field. This was done to ensure that the electrical hardware would not need to be inserted inside the tie.

The research proceeded in three phases. First, the researchers worked with Rocla Concrete Tie, Inc., to cast their design in commercially available concrete rail ties. Second, the researchers conducted laboratory experiments to quantify the impacts of different lengths of SMAs in the ties. Finally, ties were subjected to stress tests simulating rail traffic, and the prototypes exceeded the standards of the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA).

“It was important to us that we actually make something that goes out of the lab and into practice,” Andrawes said. “Showing that our design meets and even exceeds AREMA specifications means that it’s not just academic research. This is something that railroads can use, and we intend to guide it to the point where it can be adopted.”

The researchers plan to continue working with Rocla to commercialize the technology. They also plan to submit their prototypes for full testing with real rail traffic at the Federal Railroad Administration Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, Colorado.