Tech
Need a Pick-Me-Up? Try Spraying Your Face With Hypochlorous Acid
Skincare has a way of taking the body’s own biology, bottling it, and selling it back to us. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the latest example. It’s a weak acid that your white blood cells naturally produce to fight infection and kill bacteria. Now it’s being spritzed across morning and nighttime routines as an all-around skin fix.
But HOCl isn’t new. Hospitals have been using synthetic versions for decades as a disinfectant. In fact, the lab-made form dates back to 1834 and was used in both World Wars. So while #SkinTok makes it sound like a cutting-edge discovery, dermatologists have known its potential for a long time.
Here’s what it is, how it works, and what dermatologists want you to know before adding it to your skincare routine.
Table of Contents
Hypochlorous Acid, Clarified
Chemically, HOCl is a weak acid and a potent oxidant. The body produces it during an immune response, but it can also be synthesized in a lab by running an electric current through saltwater. This synthetic version was first developed in 1834, used as a disinfectant during both World Wars, and has long been employed in hospitals for wound care and even in veterinary medicine.
Unlike harsher disinfectants like bleach, HOCl is biodegradable, nontoxic, and free of noxious fumes. Actually, research shows it can kill certain bacteria faster than bleach. In skincare, it’s bottled at ultra-low, stabilized concentrations. “Think of it as your skin’s built-in defense mechanism, bottled,” writes Dr. Mollie Kelly Tufman, molecular biologist and founder of the Beauty Lab.
Why It’s In Skincare
Dermatologists have used HOCl for decades to prevent infection, keep wounds clean, and reduce scarring. Early research suggests potential in treating acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and tumor suppression. More recently, it’s popped up as topical sprays and mists, promising to calm breakouts and soothe redness.
Its appeal comes from its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. HOCl neutralizes acne-causing bacteria and other microorganisms that trigger flare-ups. “Compared to niacinamide, which works gradually to regulate oil and support your barrier, HOCl is more of a first responder,” writes Tufman. “It shows up fast, calms things down, and makes recovery easier for irritated or breakout-prone skin.”
“Benzoyl peroxide also has antimicrobial effects, but it can be a lot more drying and irritating, so it can lead to rashes or dermatitis,” says board-certified dermatologist Gloria Lin, MD. HOCl, by contrast, is gentle enough for sensitive skin and safe for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea. Plus, unlike benzoyl peroxide, it won’t bleach your clothes or towels.
It’s effective for reducing bacteria from helmets, masks, makeup brushes, and sweaty gym gear. Some people spritz it under their arms or on their feet for a quick refresh (though it won’t replace deodorant). In eye care, HOCl is used to help with dry eyes, styes, and conditions like blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). It can also reduce microbial buildup around the lashes and eyelids.
The Caveats
There are limits. Because it’s an oxidizer, it can interfere with ingredients like vitamin C and other antioxidants. If both are in your regimen, dermatologists suggest spacing them out (vitamin C in the morning, HOCl at night). Lin also says highly acidic exfoliants like strong AHAs can disrupt HOCl’s pH.
Stability is another concern. HOCl breaks down when exposed to light, heat, or poor packaging, so most products come in opaque bottles with stabilizers. Store in a cool spot. Don’t pour it into a different container; the molecule degrades once transferred.
Tech
Confessions of the ICE Agent Whisperer
As immigration became one of the defining focuses of Donald Trump’s second administration, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has taken center stage. Under the 2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act, DHS, which oversees Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), and several other agencies, received more than $80 billion in additional funding, and in January the agency announced that it had hired more than 12,000 new agents.
Even as cities like Los Angeles and Minneapolis have seen a surge of immigration officers descend upon them, DHS has maintained a high level of opacity around its operations. Officers carrying out raids and arrests are often masked and driving in unmarked cars. As enforcement has pulled in federal law enforcement personnel from across the government, it has become difficult to tell what agency a given officer works for, let alone who they actually are. Though DHS has been combative with the media, ICE agents themselves have been mostly quiet, even if some have mixed feelings about their work and where the agency is headed.
Karl Loftus, an independent journalist who runs the Instagram account @deadcrab_films, started a new project following the immigration surge in Minneapolis called Confessions of an ICE Agent. There, he publishes interviews with people who work in immigration enforcement across DHS. This includes agents and officers with the two main divisions of ICE—Homeland Security Investigations and Enforcement and Removal Operations—as well as CBP officers. He offers them anonymity and a place to speak their minds outside the structures of traditional media, and in return gets a glimpse of what the people inside the agency are experiencing, creating an archive of this moment in its history.
In one post, a biracial agent speaking shortly after Trump announced that he would be replacing DHS Secretary Kristi Noem told Loftus he believed Noem was a “DEI” hire. In another, an HSI agent called the people leading the US government “imbeciles,” saying they were “disgusted by nearly all of them.” Another HSI agent expressed concerns about DHS colleagues violating the law, and complained of having to pause investigation into child sexual abuse cases to focus on immigration work. “If they gave child exploitation cases a fraction of the attention, funding, resources, personnel, analytical support, etc. that they’re now giving immigration enforcement, we could do so much good,” they said.
WIRED spoke to Loftus about the public response to a polarizing topic, how he vets his sources, and the pressure to pick a side. A DHS spokesperson responded to WIRED’s request for comment saying that they cannot verify anonymous interviews but that DHS and its Homeland Security Investigations unit “is not slowing down and remains committed to all aspects of its mission, leveraging a whole-of-government approach to address threats to public safety and national security.”
This conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
WIRED: Before this project, your account mostly focused on things like disaster recovery after Hurricane Helene and similar topics. How did you start working on ICE?
Karl Loftus: In 2018 I was a volunteer in North Carolina during Hurricane Florence. I was there during the hurricane for four days doing search and rescue. That kind of started my passion for disaster response. I had been in Jamaica for seven weeks responding to Hurricane Melissa, working with a handful of different NGOs. I worked with Global Empowerment Mission repairing roofs of hospitals and medical centers to try to get the medical infrastructure back on track. I worked with World Central Kitchen. I was there documenting. I had planned to go to Wisconsin for the holidays, which is where I’m from, to visit some family, but I ended up staying in Jamaica. In early January, I finally made it up to the Midwest to see some family, and that’s when the Renee Good shooting happened. I was like, “Man, I know shit’s about to go insane the following day, and there’s going to be protests and riots and all this stuff.” So I decided to make the trip to Minneapolis.
Tech
Humanscale’s New $15K Lounge Chair Is the Ultimate Home Office Workstation
The chair starts at $8,995, but that doesn’t include the side table or ottoman. Add those and it costs $10,995. The model pictured above uses Alpaca wool fabric and brings the cost up to $14,995. (There are more than 300 fabrics and colors to choose from, and the swiveling table comes in various woodgrains.) The Herman Miller Eames, of which the Diffrient Lounge also takes inspiration, costs roughly $8,500 today, depending on which leather you choose.
“The Eames is obviously an iconic design—it’s timeless, it’s beautiful—but it’s not something you can work comfortably in for a long time,” Silva says.
Don’t let the Lounge in the name fool you. Silva assures me that every chair the company designs is built with ergonomic comfort in mind, with the adjustable work surface and headrest allowing for different postures. While traditional lounge chairs focus on style, Silva says the Lounge prioritizes comfort. In my brief time on the chair, it indeed felt enveloping and cushy yet supportive. And the mechanical levers made it easy to shift the chair into a more active sitting position or a more relaxing posture, without disrupting the ergonomics with a laptop on the table.
Diffrient had been tinkering with the idea of a lounge chair that could double as a workstation for a long time, Silva says, and believed that technology allowed people to work in different ways.
“The chair acknowledges the fact that creativity and productivity don’t necessarily happen when you’re tied to your desk,” he says. “They happen in different postures; more relaxed or moving around the office, and this chair supports those transitions.”
King recites a famous quote from Diffrient: “The best chair is a bed.” When you sit upright, your weight compresses your spine, but when you lean back, a large portion of that weight goes into the backrest, so when you’re lying down, there’s significantly less pressure on your spine. “Reclining is really healthy,” King says. “He always thought it would be a good way to work.”
Luxe Seat
How does a chair come to cost $15,000? Silva highlights Humanscale’s long-standing approach to simplicity. After all, it’s a hallmark of the original Freedom chair. While the Diffrient Lounge may not look very complex, that’s by design, cleverly masking the engineered mechanical system with clean lines and curves. There’s even some automation in the headrest. If you’re fully reclined and the headrest is in a forward position to support your head, as you come back up, the headrest will automatically go into a neutral position.
Tech
Ofcom sets out regulation to push UK gigabit broadband to ‘final phase’ | Computer Weekly
UK communications regulator Ofcom has set out the regulatory structure which it believes will drive full-fibre gigabit broadband to reach almost all UK homes and businesses over the next two years.
In setting out its Telecoms Access Review (TAR) 2026-31, finalising plans for how it will enable further competition and investment in the sector, Ofcom has gained general acceptance of its plans from the UK’s disparate and sometimes fractious broadband ecosystem.
Essentially, the regulator says the availability of full-fibre broadband almost everywhere in the UK will lay the foundations for productivity gains across the UK, and according to projections in its Connected nations: Planned network deployments 2025 report, given what is described as “the right support”, full-fibre is set to reach almost 29 million properties by the end of 2027, equivalent to well over nine in 10.
With the broadband industry investing billions each year in bringing better broadband to communities up and down the country, Ofcom says UK gigabit roll-out is now reaching its end phase. Yet it emphasised that the job is not yet done, and to realise the productivity potential of full-fibre for the UK economy, as much of the country as possible must have access to it.
Ofcom says the next frontier for fibre is customers taking it up, with more than half of those eligible for an upgrade yet to make the change. It observed that people and businesses have more choice between broadband providers than ever before – around three-quarters have access to at least two networks, and nearly a third of the country can choose between three. This, it says, has meant “ever-better services at attractive prices”.
At the heart of the announcement is guidance on how Ofcom regulates UK broadband leader Openreach, building on its 2021 regulations regarding the BT-owned company.
Ofcom claims that since it introduced a new regulatory framework, it has driven competition between different broadband networks, meaning that fibre roll-out has been an infrastructure success story.
Protecting sustainable competition
Ofcom believes Openreach is retaining significant power in the market, and that the market is not at a point where it can remove regulation entirely. Indeed, it stressed that it was therefore maintaining rules around discounts and deals that could stifle investment and the development of sustainable competition.
Ofcom says that through its move, it is incentivising existing networks to invest while making it cheaper and easier for new entrants to the market to build using Openreach’s ducts and telegraph poles. As a result, Ofcom claims, the UK has seen one of the fastest rates of roll-out of full-fibre broadband in Europe, with industry investment ranging between £3bn and £6bn each year.
Among the market decisions it has made to support competition, Ofcom has mandated that Openreach’s competitors will continue to have access to its ducts and poles at “fair, cost-based” prices so they can deploy their own networks quickly and economically across the UK.
To protect quality of service in less densely populated parts of the UK, where Openreach is unlikely to face competition, Ofcom is introducing backstop standards around the speed and quality of repairs and installations for Openreach’s full-fibre services. Elsewhere, it expects competition to drive service quality.
In addition, to address concerns regarding affordability, Ofcom said it would cap the nominal price that Openreach can charge retail providers like Vodafone or Sky – who lease its infrastructure – for download speeds up to 80Mbps, rather than 40Mbps at present. The prices of higher-speed products will remain unregulated, so providers have an incentive to invest in networks that can deliver faster speeds.
And as part of its general transitioning to full-fibre networks and gradually shutting down old telephone exchanges, Ofcom said Openreach should not have to incur unnecessary costs for running two networks at the same time. It said it would progressively shift regulation away from copper services to full-fibre services, giving Openreach flexibility to encourage customers to migrate off its old copper network. Alongside its TAR plans, Ofcom said it would be consulting on the specific conditions for when price protections on copper-based services should be removed.
Ofcom’s decisions are set to take effect from 1 April 2026, and the regulator assured that if sustainable competition was still emerging in 2031, when its next review was due to take place, it expects to regulate in a way that supports it.
It also stressed that should it need to set price controls on Openreach in the future, it would have the opportunity to earn a return above the cost of its investment over time. Alternatively, it noted that if effective competition has emerged by the time of the next review, there would be no need to regulate beyond access to ducts and poles.
Commenting on the review’s need and aims, Ofcom’s group director for infrastructure and connectivity, Natalie Black, said: “Today marks a major milestone on the road to a better-connected, more productive Britain. Five years ago, we put in place new rules to drive competition between networks and get them building full-fibre broadband, which now reaches nearly eight in 10 homes and offices across the country.
“But our mission isn’t yet complete, and we’re creating the right conditions for the fibre roll-out in its final phase,” she said. “Our review of the rules has been an extensive and complex undertaking given the nature of the market, and we appreciate the considered engagement from the sector.”
Before the TAR was published, there was a worry in the UK’s broadband industry that it would be a charter to maintain Openreach’s market dominance. Yet broad response to the TAR has been balanced and positive across the board.
Mark Shurmer, managing director for regulation at Openreach, said: “No one is going further or faster than us to build the UK’s best network(s). Our investments help customers – and the country – do brilliant things, but they only happen when the environment is stable and supportive. That’s why Ofcom’s review is critical to the future of digital connectivity across the UK. We’ll continue to work with Ofcom to make sure the regulation set today will allow fair competition within that market to get the best results for consumers. This market is evolving rapidly and, with competition more intense than ever, it’s really important that regulation keeps pace with that change.”
Market consolidation and continued investment
Rajiv Datta, CEO at rival Nexfibre, said the TAR has outlined why Ofcom is right to prioritise regulatory stability – and why sustainable, nationwide competition to BT Openreach will only be achieved through market consolidation and continued investment.
“Ofcom is right to stay the course and prioritise regulatory stability,” he said. “This is not the moment to deregulate the incumbent; what’s needed is steady oversight and firm enforcement of the framework already in place.
“The reality is that sustainable, nationwide competition to BT Openreach will only be achieved through consolidation and continued investment. The fibre market remains too fragmented to deliver this on its own.
“Nexfibre’s acquisition of Netomnia is an important step towards building the scale required to change that,” said Datta. “Now is the moment for clear action. The UK must show it is committed to supporting the investment needed to secure the long‑term digital infrastructure that will drive productivity, innovation and economic growth.”
A spokesperson for leading alternative broadband provider CityFibre said: “Ofcom is doubling down on its long-term strategy to promote sustainable infrastructure competition, continuing to strengthen the much-needed constraints on anti-competitive pricing from BT Openreach and recognising the importance of strong rival fibre networks to challenge the incumbents. The Telecoms Access Review provides CityFibre with a stable regulatory framework as we scale our network and bring the benefits of genuine infrastructure competition.”
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