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Microsoft shows potential of analogue optical computing in AI | Computer Weekly

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Microsoft shows potential of analogue optical computing in AI | Computer Weekly


Microsoft has teamed up with Barclays on a novel approach to tackling artificial intelligence (AI) and optimisation problems based on a scalable analogue optical computer (AOC) architecture, designed to use consumer-grade technology.

The approach, described in a paper published in Nature, overcomes the Von Neumann bottleneck that occurs in classical computing architecture, where performance is limited by the speed with which data can move between memory and the central processing unit. The authors of the paper discuss an approach that eliminates digital-analogue conversions and the need to merge compute and memory.

In doing so, they said the AOC can achieve substantial efficiency gains in certain circumstances. They projected that the AOC would deliver performance of around 500 tera-operations per second per watt at 8-bit precision, which they claim would make it over 100 times more efficient than leading graphics processing units.

The Microsoft researchers combined 3D optical and analogue electronic technologies, using projectors with optical lenses, digital sensors and micro light-emitting diodes to build it. As the light passes through the sensor at different intensities, the AOC can add and multiply numbers, which is the basis for solving optimisation problems. 

In the Nature paper, the researchers describe how the AOC hardware is able to accelerate all the compute operations to perform five key operations required for solving optimisation problems: matrix-vector multiplication, nonlinearity, annealing, addition and subtraction.

The paper also discusses how Microsoft worked with Barclays to try to solve the delivery-versus-payment securities problem, which aims to find the most efficient way to settle financial obligations between multiple parties in compliance with regulations while minimising costs or risks within the constraints of time and the balances available.

Shrirang Khedekar, a senior software engineer with the advanced technologies department at Barclays, worked with the Microsoft UK Research team to create the dataset and parameters used in the research. Khedekar, who co-authored the Nature paper, said Barclays is interested in continuing to solve optimisation problems as the capacity of future generations of the AOC grows. “We believe there is a significant potential to explore,” he said. “We have other optimisation problems as well in the financial industry, and we believe that AOC technology could potentially play a role in solving these.”

Microsoft said it would be publicly sharing its “optimisation solver” algorithm and the digital twin it developed to enable researchers from other organisations to investigate its approach to analogue optical computing.

Francesca Parmigiani, a Microsoft principal research manager who leads the team developing the AOC, said that while it is “not a general purpose computer, what we believe is that we can find a wide range of applications and real-world problems where the computer can be extremely successful”.

She said the digital twin mimics how the real AOC behaves by simulating the same inputs, processes and outputs of an AOC in a digital environment.

“To have the kind of success we are dreaming about, we need other researchers to be experimenting and thinking about how this hardware can be used,” said Parmigiani.



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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026

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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026


In a time when almost everything is getting more expensive, this deal on the M5 MacBook Air has me hopeful about how laptop pricing will play out the rest of the year. The M5 MacBook Air has dropped back down to $949, which is $150 off its retail price. It’s only been at this price one other time since the product launched in early March and has more consistently sold for $1,049. As someone who’s reviewed every available MacBook and their strongest competitors, I can unequivocally say that this MacBook Air is one of the very best laptop deals right now.

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MacBook Air (M5, 2026)

Take the Surface Laptop 7th Edition, for example, which has been one of my favorite alternatives to the MacBook Air through all of 2025. It had been at competitive prices with the M4 MacBook Air all along, with both laptops sometimes dropping to as low as $799 during sales events like Prime Day throughout the year. But now, the Surface Laptop has gotten an official price hike due to the RAM shortage and is currently sitting at $1,200. It’s still a laptop I like quite a lot, but at $350 more than a similarly configured M5 MacBook Air, it’s very difficult to recommend.

Or consider the MacBook Neo, Apple’s new budget laptop that also launched in March. While it’s much cheaper overall, it’s only ever been sold for $10 off its full price. At this reduced price for the M5 MacBook Air of $949, that leaves only a dangerously small $260 gap between the Neo and the Air. It’s almost embarrassing how much better the Air is by comparison—in every way imaginable. If you’re curious how these two laptops stack up, I’ve done a comprehensive comparison between them that’s worth checking out. But to put it simply, despite all the excitement (and controversy) around the much cheaper MacBook Neo, the MacBook Air still has the most price flexibility in terms of deals.



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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans

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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans


The latest brain-computer interface could help people recover from severe depression. Motif Neurotech announced Monday that the US Food and Drug Administration has approved a human study to trial the company’s blueberry-sized brain implant that sits in the skull and delivers electrical stimulation to treat depression.

The Houston-based startup, founded in 2022, is part of a budding industry pursuing technology to read and interpret brain signals. While other companies exploring similar technology, like Elon Musk’s Neuralink, Paradromics, and Synchron, are developing devices to enable paralyzed people to communicate and use computers, Motif is aiming to ease depression in people who have not benefited from medication.

The company’s device is implanted in the skull just above the dura, the brain’s protective membrane. It targets the central executive network, a part of the brain that is responsible for high-level cognitive functions and is underactive in major depressive disorder. The implant emits specific patterns of stimulation to turn “on” this network.

Motif’s device would allow patients to receive therapeutic brain stimulation at home. “Through frequent electrical stimulation, we think we can drive that neuroplasticity that creates stronger connectivity within the central executive network for patients with depression, so that they can get out of bed in the morning, call their friends, go to the gym,” says Jacob Robinson, Motif’s cofounder and CEO.

Courtesy of Motif

Electrical stimulation has been used for decades to treat depression, and Motif’s approach is just the latest iteration. Electroconvulsive or “shock” therapy began in the 1930s and is still used today in cases where patients don’t benefit from antidepressants. Deep brain stimulation, which involves surgically implanting electrodes into the brain, is occasionally used experimentally but is not FDA approved. A much milder form of stimulation known as transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, was approved in 2008. While it can be highly effective, it typically requires a lengthy treatment regimen of five treatments a week for six weeks.

A study from 2021 found that during a 12-month period in the United States, nearly 9 million adults were undergoing treatment for major depressive disorder, and of those, almost 3 million were considered to have treatment-resistant depression, when symptoms do not improve after at least two, and often more, antidepressant medications.

Motif’s device can be implanted in a 20-minute outpatient procedure without the need for brain surgery. It’s powered by wireless magnetoelectric technology that Robinson developed while at Rice University and is charged with a baseball cap that patients will wear when receiving the stimulation.



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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path

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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path


David Silver gave the world its very first glimpse of superintelligence.

In 2016, an AI program he developed at Google DeepMind, AlphaGo, taught itself to play the famously difficult game of Go with a kind of mastery that went far beyond mimicry.

Silver has since founded his own company, Ineffable Intelligence, that aims to build more general forms of AI superintelligence. The company will do this, Silver says, by focusing on reinforcement learning, which involves AI models learning new capabilities through trial and error. The vision is to create “superlearners” that go beyond human intelligence in many domains.

This approach stands in contrast to how most AI companies plan to build superintelligence, by exploiting the coding and research capabilities of large-language models.

Silver, speaking to WIRED from his office in London, says he thinks this approach will fail. As amazing as LLMs are, they learn from human intelligence—rather than building their own.

“Human data is like a kind of fossil fuel that has provided an amazing shortcut,” Silver says. “You can think of systems that learn for themselves as a renewable fuel—something that can just learn and learn and learn forever, without limit,” he says.

I’ve met Silver a few times and—despite this proclamation—he’s always struck me as one of the more humble people in AI. Sometimes, when talking about ideas he considers silly, he flashes a puckish grin. Right now, though, he’s deadly serious.

“I think of our mission as making first contact with superintelligence,” he says. “By superintelligence I really mean something incredible. It should discover new forms of science or technology or government or economics for itself.”

Five years ago, such a mission might have seemed ridiculous. But tech CEOs now routinely talk about machines outpacing human intelligence and replacing entire categories of workers. The idea that some new technical twist might unlock superhuman AI capabilities has recently spawned a raft of billion-dollar startups.

Ineffable Intelligence has so far raised $1.1 billion in seed funding at a valuation of $5.1 billion—an enormous sum by European AI standards. Silver has also recruited top AI researchers from Google DeepMind and other frontier labs to join his endeavor.

Silver says he will give all of the money he makes from equity in Effable Intelligence—a sum that could amount to billions if he is successful—away to charity.

“It’s a huge responsibility to build a company focusing on superintelligence,” he tells me. “I think this is something that has to be done for the benefit of humanity, and any money that I make from Ineffable will will go to high-impact charities that save as many lives as possible.”

Total Focus

Silver met Demis Hassabis, the CEO of Google DeepMind, at a chess tournament when they were kids, and the pair later became lifelong friends and collaborators.

They remained close after Silver left Google DeepMind, which he did only because he wanted to chart a completely new path. “I feel it’s really important that there is an elite AI lab that actually focuses a hundred percent on this approach,” he says. “That it’s not just a corner of another place dedicated to LLMs.”

The limits of the LLM-based approach can be seen, Silver says, with a simple thought experiment. Imagine going back in time and releasing a large language model in a world that believed the world was flat. Without being able to interact with the real world, the system, he says, would remain an avid flat-earther, even if it continued to improve its own code.

An AI system that can learn about the world for itself, however, could make its own scientific discoveries.



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