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European court upholds EU-US Data Privacy Framework data-sharing agreement | Computer Weekly

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European court upholds EU-US Data Privacy Framework data-sharing agreement | Computer Weekly


Europe’s General Court has upheld the lawfulness of the data-sharing agreement between the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) following a legal challenge.

The court today dismissed legal action brought by a French MP to annul the EU-US Data Privacy Framework (DPF).

It found that the framework, which businesses rely on to transfer data between the EU and the US, ensured “an adequate level” of protection for personal data passing between the EU and the US.

The decision provides certainty for organisations and businesses that rely on the DPF to exchange data between the EU and the US.

However, the court’s ruling on 3 September could still be subject to a further appeal to the European Court of Justice, which has struck out two previous data-sharing agreements between the EU and the US.

French MP Philippe Latombe challenged the lawfulness of the EU-US Data Privacy Framework on the grounds that US intelligence services collect data in transit from the EU in bulk without adequate safeguards for the privacy of EU citizens.

He argued that the US Data Protection Review Court (DPRC), set up to hear complaints from EU citizens who believe their privacy rights have been breached by US intelligence agencies, was neither impartial nor independent of the US executive.

The Luxembourg court dismissed both claims, finding that there was nothing in European case law – established in the Schrems II case in 2020 – that requires US intelligence agencies to seek prior authorisation before intercepting bulk data from the EU.

The court found that it was sufficient that the US intelligence agencies were subject to judicial oversight by the DPRC. It found that the US court had safeguards in place to ensure the independence of its members from the executive.

The DPRC’s judges can only be dismissed by the attorney general, and then only for cause, and intelligence agencies may not hinder or improperly influence their work, the court found.

“Therefore, the General Court finds that it cannot be considered that the bulk collection of personal data by American intelligence agencies falls short of the requirements arising from Schrems II … or that US law fails to ensure a level of legal protection that is essentially equivalent to that guaranteed by EU law,” the court said in a statement.

Schrems considering appeal

The latest challenge to the EU-US data-sharing agreement follows two earlier challenges brought by Austrian lawyer Max Schrems.

The European Court of Justice struck down the EU-US Safe Harbour agreement in October 2015, in a case that became known as Schrems I.

In July 2020, in Schrems II, the court struck down a successor agreement, Privacy Shield, on the grounds that it did not provide European citizens with adequate right of redress when data is collected by US intelligence services.

The US adopted Executive Order 14086 in 2022 to strengthen protections for individuals under surveillance by US intelligence agencies. An order from the attorney general in the same year led to the creation of the Data Protection Review Court.

Schrems, honorary chairman of nyob, a non-profit organisation that campaigns on data protection and privacy, said he was considering appealing the General Court’s decision to endorse the Data Protection Framework.

He said the General Court appeared to have “massively departed” from the ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union in Schrems II, which struck down the predecessor agreement to the Data Privacy Framework in 2020.

Schrems said actions by President Trump in the US, who has threatened to remove the independent heads of the Federal Reserve and the Federal Trade Commission, show that the independence of the Data Protection Review Court cannot be guaranteed.

“The court in question is not even established by law, but just by an executive order of the president – and can hence be removed in a second. It is very surprising that the EU court would find that sufficient,” he said.

EU-US data transfers protected for ‘some time’

Joe Jones, director of research and insights at the International Association of Privacy Professionals, said the court’s decision would keep EU-US data transfers “on an even keel” for some time, and would support a “significant chunk” of transatlantic trade.

“Many eyes will now turn to whether the case will be appealed to the Court of Justice, which has traditionally taken a more expansive approach to data protection cases, and has a two out of two strike rate against EU-US data adequacy decisions,” he added.

The Business Software Alliance, a trade body for the software industry, said the decision provided stability for businesses and consumers in the EU and the US that rely on cross-border data flows.

The EU-US Data Privacy Framework is essential for the digital economy and helps companies adopt technologies that drive growth and competitiveness.

“The safeguards built into the framework assure a high level of privacy protection,” a spokesperson added.

The European Commission opposed Latombe’s legal challenge, supported by Ireland and the US.



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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026

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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026


In a time when almost everything is getting more expensive, this deal on the M5 MacBook Air has me hopeful about how laptop pricing will play out the rest of the year. The M5 MacBook Air has dropped back down to $949, which is $150 off its retail price. It’s only been at this price one other time since the product launched in early March and has more consistently sold for $1,049. As someone who’s reviewed every available MacBook and their strongest competitors, I can unequivocally say that this MacBook Air is one of the very best laptop deals right now.

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MacBook Air (M5, 2026)

Take the Surface Laptop 7th Edition, for example, which has been one of my favorite alternatives to the MacBook Air through all of 2025. It had been at competitive prices with the M4 MacBook Air all along, with both laptops sometimes dropping to as low as $799 during sales events like Prime Day throughout the year. But now, the Surface Laptop has gotten an official price hike due to the RAM shortage and is currently sitting at $1,200. It’s still a laptop I like quite a lot, but at $350 more than a similarly configured M5 MacBook Air, it’s very difficult to recommend.

Or consider the MacBook Neo, Apple’s new budget laptop that also launched in March. While it’s much cheaper overall, it’s only ever been sold for $10 off its full price. At this reduced price for the M5 MacBook Air of $949, that leaves only a dangerously small $260 gap between the Neo and the Air. It’s almost embarrassing how much better the Air is by comparison—in every way imaginable. If you’re curious how these two laptops stack up, I’ve done a comprehensive comparison between them that’s worth checking out. But to put it simply, despite all the excitement (and controversy) around the much cheaper MacBook Neo, the MacBook Air still has the most price flexibility in terms of deals.



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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans

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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans


The latest brain-computer interface could help people recover from severe depression. Motif Neurotech announced Monday that the US Food and Drug Administration has approved a human study to trial the company’s blueberry-sized brain implant that sits in the skull and delivers electrical stimulation to treat depression.

The Houston-based startup, founded in 2022, is part of a budding industry pursuing technology to read and interpret brain signals. While other companies exploring similar technology, like Elon Musk’s Neuralink, Paradromics, and Synchron, are developing devices to enable paralyzed people to communicate and use computers, Motif is aiming to ease depression in people who have not benefited from medication.

The company’s device is implanted in the skull just above the dura, the brain’s protective membrane. It targets the central executive network, a part of the brain that is responsible for high-level cognitive functions and is underactive in major depressive disorder. The implant emits specific patterns of stimulation to turn “on” this network.

Motif’s device would allow patients to receive therapeutic brain stimulation at home. “Through frequent electrical stimulation, we think we can drive that neuroplasticity that creates stronger connectivity within the central executive network for patients with depression, so that they can get out of bed in the morning, call their friends, go to the gym,” says Jacob Robinson, Motif’s cofounder and CEO.

Courtesy of Motif

Electrical stimulation has been used for decades to treat depression, and Motif’s approach is just the latest iteration. Electroconvulsive or “shock” therapy began in the 1930s and is still used today in cases where patients don’t benefit from antidepressants. Deep brain stimulation, which involves surgically implanting electrodes into the brain, is occasionally used experimentally but is not FDA approved. A much milder form of stimulation known as transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, was approved in 2008. While it can be highly effective, it typically requires a lengthy treatment regimen of five treatments a week for six weeks.

A study from 2021 found that during a 12-month period in the United States, nearly 9 million adults were undergoing treatment for major depressive disorder, and of those, almost 3 million were considered to have treatment-resistant depression, when symptoms do not improve after at least two, and often more, antidepressant medications.

Motif’s device can be implanted in a 20-minute outpatient procedure without the need for brain surgery. It’s powered by wireless magnetoelectric technology that Robinson developed while at Rice University and is charged with a baseball cap that patients will wear when receiving the stimulation.



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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path

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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path


David Silver gave the world its very first glimpse of superintelligence.

In 2016, an AI program he developed at Google DeepMind, AlphaGo, taught itself to play the famously difficult game of Go with a kind of mastery that went far beyond mimicry.

Silver has since founded his own company, Ineffable Intelligence, that aims to build more general forms of AI superintelligence. The company will do this, Silver says, by focusing on reinforcement learning, which involves AI models learning new capabilities through trial and error. The vision is to create “superlearners” that go beyond human intelligence in many domains.

This approach stands in contrast to how most AI companies plan to build superintelligence, by exploiting the coding and research capabilities of large-language models.

Silver, speaking to WIRED from his office in London, says he thinks this approach will fail. As amazing as LLMs are, they learn from human intelligence—rather than building their own.

“Human data is like a kind of fossil fuel that has provided an amazing shortcut,” Silver says. “You can think of systems that learn for themselves as a renewable fuel—something that can just learn and learn and learn forever, without limit,” he says.

I’ve met Silver a few times and—despite this proclamation—he’s always struck me as one of the more humble people in AI. Sometimes, when talking about ideas he considers silly, he flashes a puckish grin. Right now, though, he’s deadly serious.

“I think of our mission as making first contact with superintelligence,” he says. “By superintelligence I really mean something incredible. It should discover new forms of science or technology or government or economics for itself.”

Five years ago, such a mission might have seemed ridiculous. But tech CEOs now routinely talk about machines outpacing human intelligence and replacing entire categories of workers. The idea that some new technical twist might unlock superhuman AI capabilities has recently spawned a raft of billion-dollar startups.

Ineffable Intelligence has so far raised $1.1 billion in seed funding at a valuation of $5.1 billion—an enormous sum by European AI standards. Silver has also recruited top AI researchers from Google DeepMind and other frontier labs to join his endeavor.

Silver says he will give all of the money he makes from equity in Effable Intelligence—a sum that could amount to billions if he is successful—away to charity.

“It’s a huge responsibility to build a company focusing on superintelligence,” he tells me. “I think this is something that has to be done for the benefit of humanity, and any money that I make from Ineffable will will go to high-impact charities that save as many lives as possible.”

Total Focus

Silver met Demis Hassabis, the CEO of Google DeepMind, at a chess tournament when they were kids, and the pair later became lifelong friends and collaborators.

They remained close after Silver left Google DeepMind, which he did only because he wanted to chart a completely new path. “I feel it’s really important that there is an elite AI lab that actually focuses a hundred percent on this approach,” he says. “That it’s not just a corner of another place dedicated to LLMs.”

The limits of the LLM-based approach can be seen, Silver says, with a simple thought experiment. Imagine going back in time and releasing a large language model in a world that believed the world was flat. Without being able to interact with the real world, the system, he says, would remain an avid flat-earther, even if it continued to improve its own code.

An AI system that can learn about the world for itself, however, could make its own scientific discoveries.



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