Younger and entry-level workers are being squeezed the hardest by higher employment costs slowing the rate that firms are hiring, new analysis shows.

Some UK businesses have seen the cost of employing workers rise on the back of recent policy measures, including tax and minimum wage increases and reforms to employment rights, the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (Niesr) said in its latest economic outlook.

These factors have raised the marginal cost of hiring by around 7%, in real terms, for an entry level position, according to its findings.

Niesr warned that sectors most exposed to cost increases were experiencing a bigger impact, pointing to data showing a link between exposure to the national minimum wage and rising unemployment.

This includes typically lower-paid industries such as hotels, hospitality and food chains, which also have a greater concentration of younger and early-career workers.

Its analysis found that, rather than cutting existing jobs, many firms have chosen to slow the rate that they hire staff.

Therefore younger workers and those “at the margins of the labour market” are being disproportionately squeezed, the think tank said.

Official figures at the end of last year showed that the unemployment rate rose to its highest level since early 2021 over the three months to September.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said that young people especially were struggling in the tougher hiring climate, with an 85,000 increase in those unemployed aged between 18 to 24 in the three months to October – the biggest jump since November 2022.

The number of young people not in employment, education or training – so-called Neets – has been rising since 2021, and hit the highest level since 2014.

In its report, Niesr said it was “hard to escape the conclusion that the rising cost of labour has deterred full-time job creation, particularly for younger workers”.

Lord Frost, director general of the Institute of Economic Affairs, said the findings “laid bare the costs of the Government’s national insurance and minimum wage hikes, and Employment Rights Act: a spike in the cost of hiring entry-level workers, meaning fewer jobs and opportunities for young people”.

CHENNAI: India’s textile, apparel and leather exporters are expecting a sustained recovery in orders from the US, following tariff reductions under the proposed India–US trade deal. Industry representatives said the move will restore competitiveness, improve margins and revive volumes that were under pressure over the past year.Textile and apparel exporters are now expecting an increased sourcing by global brands as India will now enjoy one of the lowest tariff regimes among major Asian manufacturing hubs, with a marginal advantage over competitors, such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and China. The tariff relief is expected to create a level-playing field, particularly for small and medium exporters in clusters such as Surat, Gurugram and Tirupur.Prabhu Dhamodharan, convenor of the Indian Texpreneurs Federation, said sourcing interest of US from India is rising and exports are likely to improve steadily. “The apparel and home textile exports will witness month-on-month double-digit growth from the 2026–27 fiscal, lifting the monthly apparel export run rate to $1.5 to $1.6 billion, from the current $1.3 billion.”

Eyeing a level-playing field

A Sakthivel, chairman of the Apparel Export Promotion Council, said improved trade terms would significantly enhance the competitiveness of Indian apparel products in the US market.The leather sector has termed the US decision to reduce tariffs to 18% a “double dhamaka”, coming soon after India’s strategic trade deal with the European Union. Israr Ahmed, former vice-president of the Federation of Indian Export Organisations (Fieo) and managing director of the Farida Group, said exporters had been absorbing the impact of high tariffs by offering discounts of 20–30%. “With the US now reducing tariffs on Indian goods to 18%— a rate lower than those faced by key South Asian competitors, such as Bangladesh and Vietnam — these heavy discounts are no longer necessary,” he said, adding that this would help restore pricing and margins.Rafiq Ahmed, chairman of Kothari Industrial Corporation, noted that competition in the US market has intensified over the past year but said long-standing relationships would help Indian exporters regain lost ground. “The orders from the US, which got reduced in the past one year, will start flowing,” he said.Yavar Dhala, vice-president of the Indian Shoe Federation and CEO of Infinite Leather, said India’s share of leather exports to the US could rise from about 22% to nearly 30% this year, adding that factories operating fewer days due to high tariffs could return to a six-day work week.