China put energy co-operation centre stage at the recent Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) meetings in Tianjin. President Xi Jinping announced that China will invest in building 10 gigawatts (GW) of solar and 10 GW of wind power across SCO member countries over the next five years.

What is the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation?

This represents a large increase on the 1 GW of solar and 0.3 GW of wind China has invested in SCO states since 2019. At the same time, tacit support was given to the Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline, which if built could push the Russian share of China’s gas imports up to a third by the 2030s.

So how will China’s energy investments influence the energy transitions of SCO member states? And does China’s co-operation with Central Asian countries and energy giant Russia signal a profound shift in the global energy landscape?

To answer these questions, Dialogue Earth spoke with experts from China, India, Pakistan and Finland.

Lauri Myllyvirta: China’s recent pledge to develop 10 GW of wind and 10 GW of solar power projects across SCO countries represents a potentially important step forward in its overseas energy engagement.

Chinese manufacturers have long dominated global solar power equipment supply, but the vast majority of the equipment is used in projects with no Chinese involvement in project development or financing. The pledge could serve as an opportunity for Chinese power companies and project developers to extend their presence beyond equipment exports. It could help them accelerate renewable-energy deployment abroad by drawing on the expertise they have built in scaling up clean energy at home.

At present, China’s involvement in overseas clean energy remains largely confined to bidding for projects already included in host-country energy plans. The new pledge could create an opening for China to engage more deeply in dialogue with partner governments beyond discrete projects.

This dialogue could shape broader national energy planning by combining renewable generation with storage, transmission and equipment manufacturing. Such a shift would not only strengthen the position of Chinese developers internationally, but also help partner countries to raise their ambitions for renewable-energy deployment.

Since 2019, China has invested in 10.4 GW of solar and 7.6 GW of wind overseas. Within SCO countries, however, investment has been far more modest, just 1.0 GW of solar and 0.3 GW of wind over the same period. This suggests both the relatively limited scale so far and the significant potential for Chinese investors to expand clean energy deployment in these markets.

In 2024, Pakistan imported 17 GW of solar panels. India added roughly 28 GW of wind and solar, and even Uzbekistan brought online about 1.8 GW of solar. Given these countries’ rapidly growing energy needs, a collective target of 10 GW each for solar and wind across all SCO countries over five years represents only a small fraction of their overall demand.

One caveat is that investing in Russia, a member of the SCO, while it continues its illegal war of aggression against Ukraine would carry serious reputational, diplomatic and ethical risks. Pursuing clean-energy co-operation in other SCO member states — many of which have pressing needs to diversify their energy mix, improve energy security and lower emissions — would both reinforce China’s clean-energy leadership and demonstrate alignment with global climate goals.

In sum, the 10+10 GW initiative can move Chinese overseas engagement from equipment export and project bidding towards systemic co-operation and energy planning. This way, it could meaningfully advance clean-energy transitions in SCO countries while strengthening China’s role as a global clean-energy partner.

Xie Cheng Kai: The SCO summit saw new “energy and green-industry” platforms announced and a new development bank floated. While these initiatives are still at an early stage, the more substantive progress is evident in gas pipeline projects and financial integration. These reflect China’s long-term efforts to diversify and strengthen its position in global energy and finance.

The revival of the Power of Siberia-2 pipeline is the clearest example. Gazprom’s CEO said a memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been signed, though China has not confirmed this. The Chinese foreign ministry spoke only of “actively promoting cross-border infrastructure and energy projects” with Russia and Mongolia. No contract price, timeline or precise volume has been disclosed. Yet symbolism matters.

Like Power of Siberia-1, which gained political momentum years before terms were finalised, the second iteration has shifted from stagnation to motion.

If realised, it could deliver 50 billion cubic metres annually and push Russia’s share of China’s gas imports to a third by the 2030s. For now, the pipeline is best read as a geopolitical signal rather than a commercial certainty. Whether it moves from MoU to reality will depend much on the terms China can extract and Moscow can accept.

Unlike in oil, where China has avoided heavy dependence on one supplier, in gas it appears willing to accept concentration because it delivers options in a world where the United States remains the largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter. Overland Russian supply could offer China a useful hedge against over-reliance on US LNG and the Western financial architecture that underpins it.

India, too, continues buying discounted Russian crude despite new US tariffs, as highlighted by the warm optics of Putin’s recent meeting with Modi in China. The message is that China is not isolated. Others in Asia are also resisting US pressure.

Finance is the parallel frontier. According to the Financial Times, Chinese regulators told Russian energy firms they can issue renminbi-denominated “panda bonds” in China’s domestic market – the first such issuance since 2017. Coupled with the fact that more than 90% of bilateral trade already settles in roubles and renminbi, this deepens Moscow’s dependence on China’s financial system and provides a sanctions-resistant funding channel for pipelines and LNG logistics. It also advances Beijing’s strategic goal of renminbi internationalisation, embedding energy security within financial sovereignty.

Pipelines, panda bonds and LNG defiance illustrate that China is embedding energy security and financial sovereignty in closer alignment with Moscow, while India’s continued purchases show it is not acting alone. The market impact may not be immediate, but the political signal is hard to miss.

Li Yuxiao: Achieving the wind and solar power goals outlined in the SCO meetings will require a great deal of active collaboration across the entire industrial chain. This includes the manufacturing of wind and solar photovoltaic tech, and financing from Chinese investors.

Even as China’s domestic wind and solar capacity booms, Chinese investors still face serious obstacles to invest in wind and solar projects abroad. They will require stronger policy support for implementation and insurance.

In our work in Beijing, we have for years spoken to Chinese investors, enterprises and banks who express keen interest in wind and solar but are faced with a lack of effective financial mechanisms and limited risk coverage. Chinese investors looking at overseas wind and solar projects face limited financing structures, inflexible insurance guarantees, lengthy approval processes and a fragmented regulatory system not aligned with international technical standards. All this inhibits investments.

The 10+10 GW targets would involve the whole industry chain for wind and photovoltaic. The industrial strategy behind this agreement has of course received a lot of attention. But while much attention has gone to the strategic “offloading” function of such agreements for China’s clean-tech industries, this particular agreement’s inclusion of “technology transfer” and “experience exchange” stands out.

This is an area that will be of strategic interest for member countries. Indeed, the member countries’ response statements give greater emphasis to these elements. If effective technology transfer and experience exchange occurs between China and partners in the Global South, it could significantly support local-industry development from the ground up. Ultimately it could benefit regional energy structures and advance the energy transition both locally and globally.

Ruchita Shah: India’s participation in the SCO summit reflects a willingness to engage in energy co-operation, as China seeks to shape the forum into a platform for green-technology collaboration. For New Delhi, this engagement could indeed help streamline trade and knowledge sharing on green technologies. 

But it will remain cautious in order to protect its domestic supply-chain reforms. It will continue pursuing diversification to prevent falling into new dependencies. 

And it will emphasise ensuring that co-operation creates value within India through technology transfer, finance and joint research and development, rather than simply expanding import flows.

Chinese solar photovoltaic modules have been crucial in driving India’s installed solar capacity up to its current 120 GW. 

Meanwhile, domestic manufacturing of solar panels has expanded rapidly from 2.3 GW in 2014 to 100 GW by 2025. But India still depends on China both for solar cells, which are the building blocks of solar panels, and for battery components. Though a Production Linked Incentive scheme has been launched to support domestic battery-manufacturing capacity.

Meanwhile, India’s growing fossil-fuel imports need to be seen in the context of its broader energy transition. As the world’s fastest-growing major economy, it needs to balance rising development-driven energy demand with supply security. Oil demand will continue to rise in the medium term, even as electrification gathers pace. There is no official climate target linked to reducing oil consumption. Instead, India’s climate commitments focus on expanding renewable energy, reducing emissions intensity and reaching net zero by 2070. Higher oil imports today do not contradict its climate targets, as they are framed around reshaping the power mix and improving efficiency, largely by reducing reliance on coal.

India’s influence in energy and climate discussions extends beyond its reliance on imports. Renewables already make up half of its installed power capacity and it is targeting 365 GW of solar and 140 GW of wind by 2032. Electrification in transport, agriculture and domestic energy use is accelerating. At the same time, policies such as the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers and the Production Linked Incentive schemes for solar, batteries and green hydrogen are trying to localise supply chains and reduce import dependence.

Over the years, India has built a supportive policy environment for the energy transition. Competitive renewable auctions have consistently delivered some of the world’s lowest tariffs, helping shape international price benchmarks and procurement models in other emerging economies. India also co-founded and leads the International Solar Alliance, now joined by over 120 countries, highlighting its role in shaping global clean-energy governance. Its advocacy in multilateral forums emphasises equitable, sustainable transitions for emerging economies. The SCO’s 2025 declaration also recognised India’s global vision of “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” reaffirming its leadership in promoting inclusive and sustainable development.

Omais Abdur Rehman: This year’s SCO summit drew unprecedented attention due to shifting global dynamics.

The US has imposed heavy tariffs on China and India, and it is putting pressure on Russia to end the conflict in Ukraine, and pressure on India not to buy oil from Russia. SCO member states therefore began signalling interest in a parallel global system. China especially has felt the need for an alternative. This was also the first summit with both heads of state of India and Pakistan present since the recent military conflict between the countries.

India, frustrated by external interference, including Trump’s claims of mediation on Pakistan-India tensions, appeared to recalibrate its posture, hinting at openness to Chinese infrastructure support. China seized the moment, hosting the largest SCO summit to date, with 24 heads of state, and outlining expansive ambitions for the bloc beyond symbolic diplomacy.

Climate co-operation emerged as a key theme. China proposed a new SCO development bank, and pledged CNY 2 billion in grants and CNY 10 billion in loans. Russia backed the multilateral approach, reinforcing a shared stance against hegemonism. However, despite the urgency, especially with Pakistan and India facing severe climate disasters, the summit lacked concrete mechanisms for joint climate action or immediate relief.

For Pakistan, the summit signals a potential pivot. The approval of the SCO Development Strategy 2035 and of the proposed SCO development bank offers alternatives to International Monetary Fund and World Bank financing.

Aligning with SCO’s broader development goals, Chinese and Pakistani leaders emphasised opening up new opportunities under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) for industrial, agricultural, energy and digital co-operation. Pakistan’s prime minister officially announced the launch of CPEC 2.0. Further, the Second Pakistan-China B2B Investment Conference saw focus on not just electric vehicles, petrochemicals and iron and steel, but also health and agriculture.

Pakistan is likely to deepen its engagement with China to advance its energy transition through decreased reliance on fossil-fuel assets. It is time for China to move towards the phase-out and early retirement of coal in Pakistan as well as other countries. The SCO can help China to focus on these goals.

Amid the strained relationship between India and Pakistan, climate resilience presents a rare opportunity for collaboration. The present floods in both countries have yet again proven this is not an option but a necessity.

The continued India-Pakistan tensions, along with the failure to present a joint climate-action plan at the summit, remain critical challenges. But the SCO provided a platform for both countries to discuss possible transboundary collaboration.

This article was originally published on the Dialogue Earth website under a joint byline including Lin Zi and Shalinee Kumari. It has been reproduced on Geo.tv with permission.

Farahnaz Zahidi Moazzam is a Karachi-based journalist whose work focuses human-centric feature stories, environmental issues like solid-waste management, blue carbon, and water initiatives in South Asia.

Shalinee Kumari is an Indian journalist based in New Delhi who has keen interest in the intersection of climate with gender, caste, culture, politics and economy.

Lin Zi is a London-based journalist with over a decade of experience in climate change and environmental policy-related work.

Zohran Mamdani, the Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City, said that if elected he would direct the New York Police Department to arrest Israel’s prime minister should he arrive in the city, laying out new details of a campaign pledge.

In an interview with The New York Times on Thursday, Mamdani described PM Benjamin Netanyahu as a war criminal responsible for genocide in Gaza. He said that if Netanyahu were to visit New York, he would “honour” the International Criminal Court (ICC) warrant for his arrest by ordering police to apprehend him at the airport.

Legal experts have warned that such a move would be virtually impossible and could breach federal law. Still, Mamdani doubled down, saying he would not retreat from the pledge. “This is something that I intend to fulfill,” he said. “It is my desire to ensure that this be a city that stands up for international law.”

The United States is not a party to the ICC and does not recognise its authority. President Donald Trump imposed measures against the court in February after it issued the warrant for Netanyahu, arguing that it had “no jurisdiction over the United States or Israel.”

Netanyahu, for his part, has dismissed the threats. Speaking in July, he said he was not worried about Mamdani’s comments. In a White House meeting with Trump, he called the idea of an arrest “silly in many ways,” adding: “I’m going to come there with President Trump and we’ll see.” 

“He’d better behave. Otherwise, he’s going to have big problems,” Trump added, referring to Mamdani.

The ICC warrant accuses Netanyahu of war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza, alleging he and another senior Israeli official “intentionally and knowingly deprived the civilian population in Gaza of objects indispensable to their survival, including food, water, and medicine.”

Mamdani has argued that Netanyahu even made military decisions while in New York that resulted in civilian deaths in the Middle East.

A recent New York Times and Siena University survey found New Yorkers broadly supported Mamdani’s stance on Israel and the war. Among Jewish likely voters, Mamdani held a narrow lead at about 30%, followed closely by current mayor Eric Adams and former Governor Andrew Cuomo.

Cuomo, Mamdani’s chief rival, has positioned himself as a staunch supporter of Israel and last November volunteered to join Netanyahu’s legal defence team, shortly after the ICC issued its warrant.

Trump said on Friday that New York Mayor Adams continuing his bid for reelection diminishes the chance of anyone defeating Democratic nominee Mamdani, but added that Adams is “free to do what he wants.”

“It would seem to me that if he (Adams) stays in, if you have more than one candidate running against him (Mamdani), it can’t be won,” Trump told reporters in the Oval Office, shortly after Adams said he was not ending his campaign for reelection.

“I would say that (Andrew) Cuomo might have a chance of winning if it were a one-on-one. If it’s not one-on-one, it’s going to be a hard race,” Trump added.

• Nato announces launch of operation “Eastern Sentry”. 
• US joins allies in statement of concern about incursion.
• Poland hopes US will take action to show solidarity. 

Nato announced plans to beef up the defence of Europe’s eastern flank on Friday, two days after Poland shot down drones that had violated its airspace in the first known action of its kind by a member of the Western alliance during Russia’s war in Ukraine.

At the United Nations, the United States called the airspace violations “alarming” and vowed to “defend every inch of Nato territory,” remarks that appeared aimed at assuaging Washington’s Nato allies after President Donald Trump said Russia’s drone incursion could have been a mistake.

Warsaw has portrayed the drone incursions as an attempt by Russia to test the capabilities of Poland and Nato to respond.

On Friday, Poland rejected Trump’s suggestion that the incursions could have been a mistake, a rare contradiction of the US president from one of Washington’s closest European allies. Its foreign minister told Reuters Poland hoped Washington will take action to show solidarity with Warsaw.

Later on Friday, the US joined Western allies in a statement to express concern about the drone incursion and to accuse Moscow of violating international law and the founding UN Charter.

Russia said its forces had been attacking Ukraine at the time of the drone incursions and that it had not intended to hit targets in Poland. Russia’s UN Ambassador Vassily Nebenzia said the maximum range of the drones used did not exceed 700 km “which makes it physically impossible for them to have reached Polish territory.”

Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte called the incursions “reckless and unacceptable.”

“We can’t have Russian drones entering allied airspace,” he told a press conference announcing operation “Eastern Sentry.”

Number of allies to join mission

Nato’s top military official, Supreme Allied Commander Europe Alexus Grynkewich, a US Air Force general, said it was a flexible operation to bolster defences along Nato’s entire eastern flank, which stretches from the Baltic states in the north to Romania and Bulgaria in the south.

Grynkewich said “Poland and citizens from across the alliance should be assured by our rapid response earlier this week and our significant announcement here today.”

The mission, which begins on Friday evening, will involve a range of assets integrating air and ground bases. Nato already has substantial forces in eastern Europe, including thousands of troops. It did not specify how many additional troops would be involved in the new operation.

Rutte said allies, including Denmark, France, Britain, and Germany, have committed to the mission with others set to join. He said Nato was still assessing the possible intent behind the Russian incursion.

Nato’s announcement detailed a modest number of additional military assets — including two F-16 fighter jets and a frigate from Denmark, three Rafale fighter jets from France, and four Eurofighter jets from Germany. Spain said it would provide air assets and Britain said it would detail its contribution soon.

Trump told Fox News on Friday that his patience with Russian President Vladimir Putin was “sort of running out and running out fast,” but stopped short of threatening new sanctions over the war.

Trump has repeatedly set deadlines for Moscow to agree to a ceasefire or face new sanctions, only to row back.

Germany said it had extended air policing over Poland and it and France summoned the Russian ambassadors to their countries over the drone incident.

Questions about European defences

For Polish leaders to directly contradict Trump is almost unheard of and a sign of Europe’s alarm at the US president’s willingness to give weight to Moscow’s account.

This week’s incident has raised questions about Nato’s ability to respond to the sort of mass drone attacks — often involving hundreds of unmanned aerial vehicles — that have been a feature of the war in Ukraine following Russia’s 2022 invasion.

A subsidiary of Russian nuclear corporation Rosatom said on Friday that a Ukrainian drone attacked one of the buildings of the Smolensk nuclear power station, but it was downed and no damage or casualties were reported.

European leaders say the incident in Poland again shows Moscow has no interest in a peace deal in Ukraine, weeks after Trump hosted Putin in Alaska and dropped a demand that Russia accept an immediate ceasefire.

European officials have been in Washington this week, hoping to coordinate sanctions on Russia. Announcing such sanctions in tandem was previously standard practice, but has not taken place since Trump returned to office.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Friday peace negotiations were on pause and that “the Europeans are hindering this” peace process.

Ukrainian officials said US special envoy Keith Kellogg and national security advisers from Britain, Germany, France and Italy were in Kyiv. President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said many details on security guarantees for Ukraine were already on paper, and that foreign troops on the ground would signal political support for Kyiv.

Russia and its close ally Belarus began a long-planned joint military exercise on Friday involving drills in both countries and in the Baltic and Barents seas.

Dismissing concerns abroad about the exercise, Peskov said Western European countries were suffering “emotional overload” and that Russia did not pose a threat to them.