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What legal challenges does the fashion industry face in the age of generative AI?

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What legal challenges does the fashion industry face in the age of generative AI?


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December 10, 2025

From safeguarding intellectual property to securing their own use of artificial intelligence, the fashion industry is still finding its feet with AI. Unsurprisingly, the topic took centre stage at the Assises Juridiques de la Mode, du Luxe et du Design, held in Paris on December 9 and organised by Lexposia.

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“In 2024, we submitted 2.5 million reports of counterfeit content to platforms,” explained Nicolas Lambert, LVMH’s director of online brand protection. “That’s nothing new, but AI has made it increasingly easy to generate infringing content. At the moment, for example, we’re seeing a proliferation of online ads for counterfeit Advent calendars from Sephora, Dior and other group brands.”

Alexandre Menais, general counsel for the L’Oréal group, was also on hand to bear witness to this acceleration. In his view, the growing presence of this new technology calls for fresh thinking about interactions between the company and the machine, and in particular how those interactions are used.

“With an intelligent agent, the question arises of who owns that interaction,” stressed the legal expert. “One of the risks I see is that the rules companies set, which mandate the use of closed AI, will be widely flouted. Many employees will be tempted to test AI outside the established framework.”

Christiane Féral-Schuhl, a lawyer specialising in this field, identified this risk as well. For the former bar chair and former president of the Conseil National des Barreaux, it is urgent to raise employees’ awareness of the differences between a closed AI, trained on creations and data for which rights‑holders have given their consent, and an open AI system. The latter dispenses with rights‑holders’ consent by relying on the “text and data mining” (TDM) exception.

Left, Frédéric Rose (IMKI), Nicolas Lambert (LVMH) and Christiane Féral-Schuhl (lawyer)
Left, Frédéric Rose (IMKI), Nicolas Lambert (LVMH) and Christiane Féral-Schuhl (lawyer) – MG/FNW

“These AIs are ogres that swallow up all this ‘training data’, and to counter this you can build your own AI system, using protected data within a controlled framework. If an employee prefers to use an open system, they feed the machine and, in effect, share their work and creations with others — including their competitors — who may exploit it to produce infringing works.”

Féral-Schuhl also emphasised the questions to be asked of AI tool suppliers. Some stipulate in their terms that a customer’s work may be used to improve the service for all customers — which, in a creative context, should obviously be prohibited.

Frédéric Rose runs IMKI, which designs bespoke generative AI for brands such as The Kooples and G-Star. The specialist notes that AI is becoming more sophisticated. “It will soon be able to draft patterns and technical execution files,” he estimates. “It’s already getting more and more precise, and is becoming capable of specifying materials, fabric weights (grammage) or stitching types.”

This level of detail now makes it possible to spot counterfeits — for rights‑holders and consumers alike.

“Some AIs have safeguards and refuse to respond, but others give you suggestions on where to find the best dupes,” said Lambert. “Between the AI and the customer, it’s a private channel that I can’t investigate. But maybe tomorrow AI will be able to identify suspicious behaviour. Perhaps we need to imagine, as with YouTube, a DMCA‑style mechanism (a rights‑holder takedown mechanism, editor’s note) preventing an AI from pointing users to a counterfeit product.”

Hugo Weber (Mirakl), Benoît Loutrel (Arcom) et Pierre Berecz (Ebrand)
Hugo Weber (Mirakl), Benoît Loutrel (Arcom) et Pierre Berecz (Ebrand) – MG/FNW

“And if AI is exploited for creative purposes, we also need to define red lists of iconic elements, specific signatures, which could lead a creation to resemble that of an established brand,” said Féral-Schuhl.

She also points to the emergence of “watermarking” (or digital tattooing) of data used to train AI, which could in time be subject to copyright protection and prevent its use in AI agents’ creative processes. This comes on top of “information tagging” that records the date and place of AI‑generated creations.

The vice‑president of French unicorn Mirakl, which develops marketplaces for major retailers, Hugo Weber, for his part, spoke about the contribution AI could make to already highly efficient algorithms.

Amazon Prime is not a logistics issue: if you’re delivered the next day, it’s because in 95% of cases your purchase was already in shipping, because the algorithm is very efficient,” summarised the specialist.

He also cautioned against turning the Shein case into a trial of marketplaces, pointing out that European, American and Chinese players all have different notions of responsibility.

The Shein case was also raised by Benoît Loutrel, chair of the online platforms working group at ARCOM (Autorité de Régulation de la Communication Audiovisuelle et Numérique).

“We’re moving from preventive action by regulators to enforcement action by the courts. I think that the next stage will involve civil law, particularly in the case of artificial intelligence,” said the specialist.

Faced with the rise of ARCOM equivalents in other European countries, he hopes to see French digital sovereignty anchored within the broader European Union framework now taking shape.

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Canada could lift GDP 7% by easing internal trade barriers

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Canada could lift GDP 7% by easing internal trade barriers



Canada could boost long-term economic output by nearly 7 per cent if it dismantles policy-related barriers that restrict the movement of goods, services, and labour across provinces, according to new analysis by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Despite being one of the world’s most open economies globally, Canada’s internal market remains fragmented, with non-geographic barriers equivalent to an average 9 per cent tariff nationwide.

Canada could raise long-term GDP by nearly 7 per cent by removing internal trade barriers that restrict interprovincial movement of goods, services, and labour, new analysis shows.
Policy-related frictions act like a 9 per cent internal tariff nationwide.
Liberalising high-impact sectors could deliver productivity-led gains worth about C$210 billion (~$153.04 billion).

Model-based estimates suggest that fully removing these barriers could add around C$210 billion (~$153.04 billion) to real GDP over time, driven largely by productivity gains rather than short-term demand, IMF said in a release.

While full liberalisation will be gradual, targeted reforms in high-impact sectors could deliver sizable benefits and improve economic resilience. Analysts argue that stronger federal–provincial coordination, wider mutual recognition of standards and credentials, and transparent benchmarking of internal trade barriers will be key to turning Canada’s fragmented domestic market into a more integrated national economy.

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APAC freight market sees short-term surges, long-term overcapacity: Ti

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APAC freight market sees short-term surges, long-term overcapacity: Ti



The Asian ocean freight market is navigating a complex landscape of short-term seasonal surges and long-term structural overcapacity, according to UK-based Transport Intelligence (Ti).

While rates initially jumped in early January, weak underlying demand and the potential return of vessels to the Suez Canal are creating a volatile environment for shippers, it noted.

Carriers pushed through general rate increases (GRIs) in early January this year, briefly lifting China-to-US West Coast rates above $3,000 per forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). However, these hikes were largely unsustainable due to weak volumes, with rates quickly correcting to the $1,800-$2,200 range by mid-month, the logistics and supply chain market research firm said in an insights brief.

Asia’s ocean freight market is navigating short-term seasonal surges and long-term structural overcapacity, Ti said.
Asia’s air freight market is seeing a significant ‘post-peak’ correction following a record-breaking end to 2025.
Warehousing capacity in the Asia-Pacific is under severe strain in late January as manufacturing slows and labour shortages emerge ahead of the Lunar New Year.

Seasonal demand ahead of the Lunar New Year (starting mid-February 2026) has pushed North Europe rates to roughly $2,700 per FEU as of mid-January. This is a significant recovery from the October 2025 lows of $1,300 per FEU.

Despite a peak ahead of the holiday, Intra-Asia rates have begun to ‘cool’ in mid-January, settling at an average of $661 per 40-feet container as new services and capacity entered the market.

The Asian air freight market is witnessing a significant ‘post-peak’ correction following a record-breaking end to 2025. While rates have dropped sharply from their December highs, demand remains resilient in key high-tech sectors, and a ‘mini-peak’ is expected in late January ahead of the Lunar New Year.

Spot rates from major hubs like Hong Kong and Shanghai fell significantly in early January as year-end peak season demand evaporated.

Despite the rate correction, global air cargo tonnages jumped by 26 per cent in the first full week of January 2026 compared to the end-of-year slump, with the Asia-Pacific region seeing an 8 per cent year-on-year (YoY) increase in chargeable weight.

Volumes from Southeast Asia to the United States rose by 10 per cent YoY in early January, driven by importers continuing to diversify sourcing away from China.

Warehousing capacity in the Asia-Pacific is under severe strain in late January as manufacturing slows and labour shortages emerge ahead of the Lunar New Year.

India closed 2025 with 36.9 million sq ft of warehouse leasing (16-per cent YoY growth), a trend continuing into early 2026 with high demand in Delhi National Capital Region and Chennai.

After a period of oversupply, development pipelines are expected to drop by a third by 2027, making 2026 a critical ‘inflection point’ for occupiers to secure quality space before terms tighten again.

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Vietnam textile-garment sector targets $50 mn in exports in 2026

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Vietnam textile-garment sector targets  mn in exports in 2026



Following a record export value of $475 billion achieved in 2025, up by 17 per cent year on year (YoY), Vietnam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade aims at adding nearly $38 billion to the figure this year.

The goal, however, is challenging due to external pressures, including stricter technical barriers, reciprocal tariffs on goods exported to the United States, and the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) for selected industrial products.

Therefore, major export industries in the country have started restructuring and adjusting strategies early in the year to seize market opportunities.

Following a record export value of $475 billion achieved in 2025—up by 17 per cent YoY—Vietnam aims at adding nearly $38 billion to the figure in 2026.
Major export industries in the country have begun restructuring and adjusting strategies early in the year to seize market opportunities.
The textile and garment sector, which earned $46 billion in 2025, has set a target of $50 billion in exports in 2026.

The textile and garment sector, which earned $46 billion in 2025, has set a target of $50 billion in exports in 2026.

The sector is focusing on strengthening domestic supply chains, raising localisation rates and making more effective use of free trade agreements (FTAs), Vu Duc Giang, chairman of the Vietnam Textile and Apparel Association (VITAS), was cited as saying by a domestic media outlet.

Exports may grow by 15-16 per cent this year, driven by market expansion and a shift towards higher-value products, according to MB Securities’ Vietnam Outlook 2026 report.

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