Tech
Architecture’s past holds the key to sustainable future
Modern “sustainable”‘ innovations in architecture are failing to slow climate change, but revisiting ancient knowledge and techniques found in traditional architecture could offer better solutions.
This is the argument of architectural historians Professor Florian Urban and Barnabas Calder in their new book “Form Follows Fuel: 14 Buildings from Antiquity to the Oil Age”. The authors argue that energy availability has been the biggest influence on architecture throughout human history.
Their extensive study is the first to calculate energy inputs for a range of historical buildings, demonstrating how different types of fuel, from human labor to fossil fuels, have fundamentally determined building designs across civilizations and eras.
“The history of architecture can be told as a history of energy,” the authors explain. “Today’s architecture is accordingly the outcome of four centuries of effort, innovation and ingenuity directed at maximizing the proportion of architectural production and operation that could be powered by fossil fuel heat.”
This argument comes at a critical moment in architectural history, as the building sector currently accounts for 37% of all human climate-changing emissions. Despite decades of research and discussion, the environmental impact of buildings continues to rise.
Urban and Calder document how the shift to fossil fuels begins in the 17th century and transforms architecture more profoundly than any other development in human history. This transition reversed the previous dynamic, where labor was cheap and heat expensive, creating an architectural model which depended on energy-intensive materials and processes that reduced human input.
“If form follows fuel, ours is fundamentally an architecture of intense fossil fuel consumption,” the authors explain.
Even as society becomes more aware of emissions and carbon footprint, and more efforts are made to build sustainably, the authors prove that today’s architecture comes at a catastrophically high energy cost.
They explain how globally influential minimalist designs often depend on massive energy consumption, for example, the Seagram Building in New York, widely praised for its simplicity, received an energy efficiency rating of just 3 out of 100 from the US Environmental Protection Agency, and cost more energy to build than the entire labor cost of quarrying, transporting and placing 5.5m tons of stone for the largest of the Egyptian pyramids.
“Mies’s famous dictum that ‘less is more,” turns out to be missing a word: ‘less is more carbon,'” the authors explain. “Per square meter of floor space, it used four times as much energy as the average American office building in 2012.”
By contrast, pre-modern buildings like the Scottish blackhouse achieved remarkable thermal efficiency using only local materials and passive design strategies. Examples of buildings like these show how humans have always before been able to provide the interior space and thermal comfort needed for survival in a harsh climate, while being fully sustainable and recyclable.
The authors’ studies span 4,500 years of architectural history, from the Great Pyramid of Giza to Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
The authors offer practical solutions for contemporary architects by unpicking the specific energy costs of different building elements and materials. For instance, their research demonstrates how structural stone tenements used significantly less energy throughout their life cycle than similar brick buildings, providing quantifiable metrics to inform modern sustainable design decisions.
Professor Urban says, “With regard to energy consumption, the world has never had so many pharaohs. Not only special buildings like the Seagram, but even our most mundane buildings use more energy than the most extraordinary structures of the ancient world.”
As architects and policymakers search for solutions to the climate emergency, “Form Follows Fuel” challenges assumptions about sustainability always meaning technological advancement, and provides an alternative approach to low-carbon architecture.
“The historical conditions of life without fossil fuels often look like poverty to those living in today’s energy-rich societies,” the authors explain, “but while luxuries were sparse and ill-distributed, materials local, and technologies comparatively simple for most non-fossil-fuel buildings, they had one immense advantage at a global scale: they collectively used resources at a rate within the bounds of what the planetary ecosystem could sustain.”
More information:
Florian Urban et al, Form Follows Fuel, (2025). DOI: 10.4324/9781032637174
Citation:
Architecture’s past holds the key to sustainable future (2025, September 15)
retrieved 15 September 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-architecture-key-sustainable-future.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
Tech
I Tested Garmin Watches for a Decade While Hiking, Biking, and Climbing. Here’s What You Should Buy
Last year, Garmin introduced a Pro version that incorporates the inReach’s satellite communications savvy. Not only does it cost at least $400 more than the Apple Watch Ultra and $200 more than the regular Fenix 8, but you also have to pay for the inReach subscription plan, which has several tiers and ranges from $8/month to $50/month depending on whether you want features like unlimited texting or sending photo messages.
What you get for this mind-boggling price is a sports watch that can do anything and everything. It has best-in-class battery life (every Fenix can last for weeks on a single charge, and up to a month with solar charging) and features like the depth sensor from Garmin’s Descent line, which means this watch works as a full-on dive computer for scuba and free diving. It has a microphone and speaker for basic voice commands (although no onboard cellular connectivity), the surprisingly useful built-in LED flashlight, and Garmin’s signature built-in topographic maps, 24/7 health monitoring, and tracking for over a hundred different activities.
I’ve taken the 51-mm version on pretty much every outdoor sport—snowboarding, trail running, mountain biking, and rock climbing. Every time I use it, its capabilities far outclass my own. I have irritated many a fellow climber by attempting to track route difficulty, duration, and falls while integrating my Body Battery metrics and so on. The danger is always that you’ll spend more time fiddling with your Garmin Fenix 8 than you do with your actual sport. I have the version with the sapphire glass face and the titanium bezel, and have smashed it into rock faces with nary a scratch. If you’re up for paying the price and want a good-looking watch that will last forever (I have friends who are still wearing their Fenix 5s and 6s, and honestly, they’re fine), this is the one to get.
Best Running Watch
The Garmin Forerunner series launched in the early 2000s and has become the quintessential runner’s watch. Like all Garmins, the Forerunner comes in a range of price points, each offering different features. Last year, Garmin released the Forerunner 570 ($550), a midrange model with no LED flashlight or onboard maps, and the Forerunner 970 ($750), which is the premium version. Before I go into detail about why the Forerunner 970 is the best option, I should also say that I have tested many previous Garmin Forerunners at various price points. If you’re not a triathlete, the older Forerunners are still worth considering, and the entry-level $200 Forerunner 165 is aimed explicitly at runners, instead of including triathletes as the more expensive models do.
Tech
Save Up to 40% With These Acer Promo Codes and Discounts
Acer is one of the top largest PC manufacturers in the world, perhaps best known for its gaming line and budget-friendly options. If you’ve already got your eye on an Acer product like a laptop or monitor, and are shopping at the company’s online storefront, you should be using one of these Acer promo codes and coupons to save some cash on your purchase.
Save 40% on Accessories When You Build an Acer Bundle
If you’re buying from Acer, you’re most likely shopping for either a desktop PC or laptop. With this discount, you can get a really solid deal on accessories if you bundle it with a mouse, laptop bag, or headset. When you go to purchase a PC, just click “Build Bundle” and you’ll see some of the eligible options, all of which are reduced by 40%. The Nitro Mechanical Keyboard, for example, goes from $50 to just $30. That 40% is a real discount, too, as that same keyboard costs $50 on Amazon when I checked.
Beyond peripheral add-ons, you can also save 10% off Acer Care Plus extended service plans or McAfee LiveSafe antivirus subscriptions. You can bundle up to five products together to save the most money. If you’re headed off to college (or have a kid in the family), a bundle like this can get you everything you need for a gaming or studying setup on the go.
Shop Rotating Weekly Deals on Monitors and Gaming Gear
Acer’s PC gaming offerings come in either the flagship Predator brand or the budget-tier Nitro. Acer offers rotating weekly deals on everything from monitors to gaming laptops, some of which are my favorites that I’ve tested in their given category. The Acer Nitro V 16, for example, was a budget gaming laptop that I recommended quite a lot last year because of its incredible price. The one I tested was the entry-level version with an Nvidia RTX 5050 inside, but Acer has the RTX 5060 model in its own storefront. It’s $100 off right now at $1,200, which comes with 16 GB of RAM and a terabyte of storage. In fact, it’s only $30 more than the RTX 5050 model, despite offering a significant jump in gaming performance. These discounts are reflected right on the product pages, so there’s no promo code, discount code, or coupon code required.
Acer has a wide selection of monitors available, too, whether that’s a massive 49-incher or a more modest 27-inch gaming workhorse. One of my favorite discounts I saw right now was the Acer Nitro XV2, a 27-inch 1440p display with a 300 Hz refresh rate. It’s 44% off at the time of writing, bringing the price down to just $250. Because these discounts are swapped out on a weekly basis, it’s worth checking back to see if the product you’re eyeing has a new discount.
Select Customers Can Get 15% Off Their Purchase
Acer also offers a number of added discounts at checkout, including 15% off for students. Students will need to verify through Student Beans or SheerID. Because a lot of the devices Acer offers are budget-friendly, they can be attractive for students, and the extra 15% off is the icing on the cake.
We tested the Acer Swift 16 AI last year and really enjoyed the high-resolution, OLED screen and impressively quiet performance. Acer has the smaller version of this same laptop available, the Swift 14 AI, which is currently $150 off. You also might check out the Acer Chromebook Plus 514, a laptop we liked quite a bit when we reviewed it in 2024.
Acer offers this same 15% discount for active duty military, veterans, and their families. It also applies to healthcare professionals, which can be verified through its healthcare discount portal.
Tech
AI Research Is Getting Harder to Separate From Geopolitics
The world’s top AI research conference, the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems—better known as NeurIPS—became the latest organization this week to become embroiled in a growing clash between geopolitics and global scientific collaboration. The conference’s organizers announced and then quickly reversed controversial new restrictions for international participants after Chinese AI researchers threatened to boycott the event.
“This is a potential watershed moment,” says Paul Triolo, a partner at the advisory firm DGA-Albright Stonebridge who studies US-China relations. Triolo argues that attracting Chinese researchers to NeurIPS is beneficial to US interests, but some American officials have pushed for American and Chinese scientists to decouple their work—especially in AI, which has become a particularly sensitive topic in Washington.
The incident could deepen political tensions around AI research, as well as dissuade Chinese scientists from working at US universities and tech companies in the future. “At some level now it is going to be hard to keep basic AI research out of the [political] picture,” Triolo says.
In its annual handbook for paper submissions, issued in mid-March, NeurIPS organizers announced updated restrictions for participation. The rules stated that the event could not provide services including “peer review, editing, and publishing” to any organizations subject to US sanctions, and linked to a database of sanctioned entities. It included companies and organizations on the Bureau of Industry and Security’s entity list and those on another list with alleged ties to the Chinese military.
The new rules would have affected researchers at Chinese companies like Tencent and Huawei who regularly present work at NeurIPS. The database also includes entities from other countries such as Russia and Iran. The US places limits on doing business with these organizations, but there are no rules around academic publishing or conference participation.
The NeurIPS handbook has since been updated to specify that the restrictions apply only to Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, a list used primarily for terrorist groups and criminal organizations.
“In preparing the NeurIPS 2026 handbook, we included a link to a US government sanctions tool that covers a significantly broader set of restrictions than those NeurIPS is actually required to follow,” the event’s organizers said in a statement issued Friday. “This error was due to miscommunication between the NeurIPS Foundation and our legal team.”
Before they reversed course, the conference organizers initially said that the new rule was “about legal requirements that apply to the NeurIPS Foundation, which is responsible for complying with sanctions,” adding that it was seeking legal consultation on the issue.
Immediate Backlash
The new rule drew swift backlash from AI researchers around the world, particularly in China, which produces a large quantity of cutting-edge machine learning papers and is home to a growing share of the world’s top AI talent. Several academic groups there issued statements condemning the measure and, more importantly, discouraging Chinese academics from attending NeurIPS in the future. Some urged Chinese academics to contribute instead to domestic research conferences, potentially helping increase the country’s influence in relevant science and tech fields.
The China Association of Science and Technology (CAST), an influential government-affiliated organization for scientists and engineers, said Thursday that it would stop providing funding for Chinese scholars traveling to attend NeurIPS and would use the money instead to support domestic and international conferences that “respect the rights of Chinese scholars.”
CAST also said it will no longer count publications at the 2026 NeurIPS conference as academic achievements when evaluating future research funding. It’s unclear if the organization will reverse course now that NeurIPS has walked back the new rule.
-
Business1 week agoFlipkart group CFO to leave co amid IPO plans – The Times of India
-
Fashion1 week agoChina’s textile & apparel exports surge 17% to $50 bn in Jan-Feb 2026
-
Sports1 week agoRating Adidas’ 2026 World Cup away shirts: Argentina, Spain, Mexico and more
-
Sports1 week agoAmerican Conference Commissioner Tim Pernetti thanks Trump for Army-Navy game executive order
-
Tech1 week ago
The Corsair 4000D RS PC Case Keeps Your System Cool
-
Tech1 week agoGamers Hate Nvidia’s DLSS 5. Developers Aren’t Crazy About It, Either
-
Tech1 week ago‘Uncanny Valley’: Nvidia’s ‘Super Bowl of AI,’ Tesla Disappoints, and Meta’s VR Metaverse ‘Shutdown’
-
Business4 days agoProperty Play: Home flippers see smallest profits since the Great Recession, real estate data firm says
