Tech
Media professor says AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts for us weakens our ability to think critically
AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts and statements for us weakens our judgment and ability to think critically, says media professor Petter Bae Brandtzæg.
No one knew about Chat GPT just three years ago. Today, 800 million people use the technology. The speed at which AI is rolling out breaks all records and has become the new normal.
Many AI researchers, like Brandtzæg, are skeptical. AI is a technology that interferes with our ability to think, read, and write. “We can largely avoid social media, but not AI. It is integrated into social media, Word, online newspapers, email programs, and the like. We all become partners with AI—whether we want to or not,” says Brandtzæg.
The professor of media innovations at the University of Oslo has examined how AI affects us in the recently completed project “An AI-Powered Society.”
The freedom of expression commission overlooked AI
The project has been conducted in collaboration with the research institute SINTEF. It is the first of its kind in Norway to research generative AI, that is, AI that creates content, and how it affects both users and the public.
The background was that Brandtzæg reacted to the fact that the report from the Norwegian Commission for Freedom of Expression, which was presented in 2022, did not sufficiently address the impact of AI on society—at least not generative AI.
“There are studies that show that AI can weaken critical thinking. It affects our language, how we think, understand the world, and our moral judgment,” says Brandtzæg.
A few months after the Commission for Freedom of Expression report, ChatGPT was launched, making his research even more relevant.
“We wanted to understand how such generative AI affects society, and especially how AI changes social structures and relationships.”
AI-Individualism
The social implications of generative AI is a relatively new field that still lacks theory and concepts, and the researchers have therefore launched the concept of “AI-individualism.” It builds on “network individualism,” a framework which was launched in the early 2000s.
Back then, the need was to express how smartphones, the Internet, and social media enabled people to create and tailor their social networks beyond family, friends, and neighbors.
Networked individualism showed how technology weakened the old limits of time and place, enabling flexible, personalized networks. With AI, something new happens: the line between people and systems also starts to blur, as AI begins to take on roles that used to belong to humans.
“AI can also meet personal, social, and emotional needs,” says Brandtzæg.
With a background in psychology, he has for a long time studied human-AI relationships with chatbots like Replika. ChatGPT and similar social AIs can provide immediate, personal support for any number of things.
“It strengthens individualism by enabling more autonomous behavior and reducing our dependence on people around us. While it can enhance personal autonomy, it may also weaken community ties. A shift toward AI-individualism could therefore reshape core social structures.”
He argues that the concept of “AI-individualism” offers a new perspective for understanding and explaining how relationships change in society with AI. “We use it as a relational partner, a collaborative partner at work, to make decisions,” says Brandtzæg.
Students choose chatbot
The project is based on several investigations, including a questionnaire with open-ended answers to 166 high school students on how they use AI.
“They (ChatGPT and MyAI) go straight to the point regarding what we ask, so we don’t have to search endlessly in the books or online,” said one high school student about the benefits of AI.
“ChatGPT helps me with problems, I can open up and talk about difficult things, get comfort and good advice,” responded a student.
In another study, using an online experiment with a blind test, it turned out that many preferred answers from a chatbot over a professional when they had questions about mental health. More than half preferred answers from a chatbot, less than 20% said a professional, while 30% responded both.
“This shows how powerful this technology is, and that we sometimes prefer AI-generated content over human-generated,” says Brandtzæg.
‘Model power’
The theory of “model power” is another concept they’ve launched. It builds on a power relationship theory developed by sociologist Stein Bråten 50 years ago.
Model power is the influence one has by being in possession of a model of reality that has impact, and which others must accept in the absence of equivalent models of power of their own, according to the article “Modellmakt og styring” (online newspaper Panorama—in Norwegian).
In the 1970s, it was about how media, science, and various groups with authority could influence people, and had model power. Now it’s AI.
Brandtzæg’s point is that AI-generated content no longer operates in a vacuum. It spreads everywhere, in public reports, new media, in research, and in encyclopedias. When we perform Google searches, we first get an AI-generated summary.
“A kind of AI layer is covering everything. We suggest that the model power of social AI can lead to model monopolies, significantly affecting human beliefs and behavior.”
Because AI models, like ChatGPT, are based on dialog, they call them social AI. But how genuine is a dialog with a machine fed with enormous amounts of text?
“Social AI can promote an illusion of real conversation and independence—a pseudo-autonomy through pseudo-dialog,” says Brandtzæg.
Critical but still following AI advice
According to a survey from The Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) from August 2025, 91% of Norwegians are concerned about the spread of false information from AI services like Copilot, ChatGPT, and Gemini.
AI can hallucinate. A known example is a report the municipality of Tromsø used as a basis for a proposal to close eight schools, was based on sources that AI had fabricated. Thus, AI may contribute to misinformation, and may undermine user trust in both AI, service providers and public institutions.
Brandtzæg asks how many other smaller municipalities and public institutions have done the same and he is worried about the spread of this unintentional spread of misinformation.
He and his researcher colleagues have reviewed various studies indicating that although we like to say we are critical, we nevertheless follow AI’s advice, which highlights the model power in such AI systems.
“It’s perhaps not surprising that we follow the advice that we get. It’s the first time in history that we’re talking to a kind of almighty entity that has read so much. But it gives a model power that is scary. We believe we are in a dialog, that it’s cooperation, but it’s one-way communication.”
American monoculture
Another aspect of this model power is that the AI companies are based in the U.S. and built on vast amounts of American data.
“We estimate that as little as 0.1% is Norwegian in AI models like ChatGPT. This means that it is American information we relate to, which can affect our values, norms and decisions.”
What does this mean for diversity? The principle is that “the winner takes it all.” AI does not consider minority interests. Brandtzæg points out that the world has never before faced such an intrusive technology, which necessitates regulation and balancing against real human needs and values.
“We must not forget that AI is not a public, democratic project. It’s commercial, and behind it are a few American companies and billionaires,” says Brandtzæg.
More information:
Marita Skjuve et al, Unge og helseinformasjon, Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning (2025). DOI: 10.18261/tfv.27.4.2
Petter Bae Brandtzaeg et al, AI Individualism, Oxford Intersections: AI in Society (2025). DOI: 10.1093/9780198945215.003.0099
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Media professor says AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts for us weakens our ability to think critically (2025, November 16)
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Tech
Meta Is in Crisis, Google Search’s Makeover, and AI Gets Booed by Graduates
Leah Feiger: Let’s invest.
Zoë Schiffer: They have that going for a while.
Leah Feiger: It wasn’t full Google, but it—
Zoë Schiffer: Somewhat there.
Leah Feiger: —had that vibe. To me, someone so on the outside of this in every single way, I know about these layoffs because they’ve been, A) so chaotic, but B) in some ways, needlessly so. Not to say that other tech companies aren’t firing scores of workers all the time. That feels like something we discuss on this podcast frequently, but this is happening with such a large runway and in a way that’s making employees feel so terrible about themselves.
Brian Barrett: Well, because it’s not just the layoffs, right? It’s also, even if you stay there, if you’re not culled from the herd, you are going to have to deal with this world in which you’ve got spyware on your laptops training AI to probably take your job at some point, right?
Zoë Schiffer: Explain that a little bit.
Brian Barrett: Meta announced, and this was more public, that they were going to put software on employee laptops that would monitor their keystrokes and how they move their cursors and basically how they do their job as Meta engineers and use that as training data for their own internal models to try to make their AI models better because they’re running out of other sources.
Zoë Schiffer: And could you opt out of that, Brian?
Brian Barrett: That’s a great question. I’m so glad you asked. You could not opt out.
Zoë Schiffer: I felt you didn’t know the answer to that one.
Brian Barrett: In fact, when an employee asked in a very public forum within Meta, “Hey, could we not do this?” Zoë, the response was?
Zoë Schiffer: Oh, absolutely you’re going to do this and shame on you for asking. And some of the employees who are staying, actually thousands of the employees who are staying, are getting drafted into the AI ranks. We published a piece today that was kind of about the morale inside the company, but also how there’s been this mad dash to use up perks and stipends that employees have. But one of the things that’s said at the end was that remaining employees are being asked to join AI teams. So whatever your job was previously, they’re internally getting drafted. You’re getting drafted into the AI ranks, now your job is going to look quite different.
Brian Barrett: That’s like 7,000 people.
Zoë Schiffer: Yes.
Leah Feiger: I’ve actually heard people use the word raptured.
Zoë Schiffer: Oh, my gosh.
Leah Feiger: Isn’t that—
Zoë Schiffer: And I wish we had that in the story.
Leah Feiger: I’m so sorry, but raptured into other teams. All of a sudden one day they’ve just disappeared. After this layoff, has Zuckerberg and co proposed a sort of coherent leadership plan or proposal? What happens after this?
Tech
Why the 2026 Hurricane Season Might Not Be That Bad
Atlantic hurricane season is almost upon us, and the early signs indicate it might be less active than usual. But that’s no reason to delete your weather app and ignore the forecast.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is predicting eight to 14 named tropical systems, of which three to six will become hurricanes and one to three will be Category 3 or higher.
“What’s driving this forecast is largely an El Niño event,” said NOAA administrator Neil Jacobs.
Characterized by a tongue of hot water stretching across the Pacific, El Niño is likely to emerge this summer. That stretch of warm ocean rearranges weather patterns around the world. In the case of the tropical Atlantic, El Niño stirs up winds that make it hard for hurricanes to spin up. Those that do can sometimes be torn apart by what’s going on in the upper atmosphere. (The opposite is true in the Pacific, and NOAA is predicting a very active season in that ocean basin.)
During the three past super El Niños, accumulated cyclone energy—a metric that factors in storms’ strength and longevity—was well below normal.
That said, El Niño, even an extremely strong one, is only one of many factors that impact hurricane season. Hot local ocean temperatures can help storms form and gain strength, and the Atlantic is currently warmer than normal.
At the same time, Sahara dust can gum up the atmosphere and inhibit storms from forming. It’s also notoriously hard to predict when plumes of it will kick up. That’s what happened last year, when a below-average number of named storms formed despite an active forecast. Despite the lower-than-expected activity, last year still spawned Hurricane Melissa, one of the strongest storms to ever make landfall in the Atlantic basin.
All of which is to say that the seasonal forecast is a handy guide for what to expect, and it’s great for federal and state agencies to preposition supplies and resources. But it’s what happens with individual storms that ultimately matters.
“Even though we’re expecting a below average season in the Atlantic, it’s important to understand it only takes one,” Jacobs said, noting that even in quiet years, Category 5 storms have still made landfall.
The Trump administration has slashed staffing at NOAA and reduced the collection of some data, such as weather balloons, that can impact forecasts. Jacobs touted the value of new observations, including aerial drones that will be deployed operationally for the first time.
NOAA has also ramped up the use of artificial intelligence weather models trained on historical data. During the 2025 hurricane season, the agency tested an experimental hurricane model developed with Google DeepMind. Late last year, it also rolled out a suite of AI weather models to use in operational forecasting, in addition to traditional weather models that use equations to forecast the weather.
The agency says that the AI version of its flagship model provides better prediction of the tracks of tropical cyclones—the generic name for hurricanes—though it lags traditional weather models in predicting their intensity.
Tech
Police op targets VPN service favoured by ransomware gangs | Computer Weekly
A virtual private network (VPN) favoured by cyber criminals to mask data exfiltration, fraud ransomware attacks and other criminality has been dismantled in Operation Saffron, a Franco-Dutch led action supported by Europol and other agencies, including the UK’s National Crime Agency (NCA), and private sector partner Bitdefender.
The First VPN service was heavily used among Russian-speaking threat actors, and according to Europol, was used in “almost every” major cyber investigation it has undertaken in the past few years. Besides obscuring malicious traffic from law enforcement surveillance, First VPN’s operators are also known to have offered services such as anonymised payments and hidden infrastructure.
“For years, cyber criminals saw this VPN service as a gateway to anonymity. They believed it would keep them beyond the reach of law enforcement. This operation proves them wrong. Taking it offline removes a critical layer of protection that criminals depended on to operate, communicate and evade law enforcement,” said Edvardas Šileris, head of the European Cybercrime Centre at Europol.
A spokesperson for Bitdefender added: “We are extremely pleased with the successful takedown of First VPN, and congratulate global law enforcement, and all those involved.
“Operation Saffron exemplifies the power of collaboration between the public and private security sector in dismantling illegal online activities, in this case, a VPN service designed to conceal attacks. It also serves a message to criminals who believe the dark web covers their actions and guarantees their anonymity. If they become the target of an international effort, they can’t hide.”
Operation Saffron marks the first time Bitdefender Labs’ virtual Draco Team unit has worked on a counter-VPN action, having previously been involved in a number of other operations including stings on the Hansa dark web marketplace, 2024’s Operation Endgame targeting botnets, and actions against ransomware gangs including GandCrab and its successor REvil.
Multi-year operation
The takedown operation itself – which took place on 19 and 20 May – saw First VPN’s administrator arrested and interviewed, and their home in Ukraine searched, 33 servers dismantled, and wider infrastructure disrupted. Multiple domain names have been shut down and seized, including 1vpns.com, 1vpns.net, 1vpns.org, and some associated Onion domains.
These actions marked the culmination of a four-and-a-half year investigation dating back to December 2021. During the course of this work, investigators were able to gain access to the First VPN service, obtain a copy its user database, and identify the VPN connections used specifically by cyber criminals.
This trove of intelligence has both exposed individual users linked to cyber criminality, and generated operational leads connected to past cyber attacks and other digital offences.
Indeed, Europol’s coordinating Operational Taskforce (OTF) has already disseminated over 80 intelligence packages worldwide and identified 506 known First VPN users. The EU agency said it has already been able to support 21 other investigations thanks to this work.
Industry reaction
Responding to the takedown, John Watters, CEO of iCounter – a threat intelligence platform, said: “This case demonstrates that cyber crime is ultimately an ecosystem problem, not just a malware problem. The infrastructure layer that supports ransomware and fraud operations has become highly commercialised, with threat actors relying on shared services that promise anonymity, resiliency, and protection from law enforcement scrutiny.
“When investigators successfully penetrate those ecosystems, they gain an opportunity to map relationships, operational dependencies, and repeat offender activity across multiple criminal campaigns simultaneously. The operationalisation of that intelligence is critical because it allows defenders and governments to move beyond reactive incident response and toward proactive disruption of adversary infrastructure.
Watters added: “These services are often some of the limited ways that law enforcement can impact threat actors who are in countries outside their reach. We should expect continued pressure on the enabling services that underpin cybercrime economies globally.”
“Targeting not only individual criminals and groups but also their infrastructure is becoming one of the most vital fronts in the international battle against cyber crime,” said CybaVerse head of penetration testing, Michael Jepson.
“Services like First VPN, alongside similar criminal-friendly VPNs and hosting providers, give threat actors the fundamental scaffolding to launch attacks. These services are often difficult to target because they resist legal complaints and court orders, and typically operate from permissive jurisdictions that rarely cooperate with foreign law enforcement.
“Pursuing individual criminals and groups becomes far harder when their activity is obfuscated and protected by these services,” added Jepson, “[so] shutting down these illicit hosts and VPNs is effective because it disrupts entire networks, and creates a knock-on effect where further criminal groups are disrupted as threat actors have to migrate their operations and reorient in the face of potential exposure.”
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