Tech
European court upholds EU-US Data Privacy Framework data-sharing agreement | Computer Weekly

Europe’s General Court has upheld the lawfulness of the data-sharing agreement between the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) following a legal challenge.
The court today dismissed legal action brought by a French MP to annul the EU-US Data Privacy Framework (DPF).
It found that the framework, which businesses rely on to transfer data between the EU and the US, ensured “an adequate level” of protection for personal data passing between the EU and the US.
The decision provides certainty for organisations and businesses that rely on the DPF to exchange data between the EU and the US.
However, the court’s ruling on 3 September could still be subject to a further appeal to the European Court of Justice, which has struck out two previous data-sharing agreements between the EU and the US.
French MP Philippe Latombe challenged the lawfulness of the EU-US Data Privacy Framework on the grounds that US intelligence services collect data in transit from the EU in bulk without adequate safeguards for the privacy of EU citizens.
He argued that the US Data Protection Review Court (DPRC), set up to hear complaints from EU citizens who believe their privacy rights have been breached by US intelligence agencies, was neither impartial nor independent of the US executive.
The Luxembourg court dismissed both claims, finding that there was nothing in European case law – established in the Schrems II case in 2020 – that requires US intelligence agencies to seek prior authorisation before intercepting bulk data from the EU.
The court found that it was sufficient that the US intelligence agencies were subject to judicial oversight by the DPRC. It found that the US court had safeguards in place to ensure the independence of its members from the executive.
The DPRC’s judges can only be dismissed by the attorney general, and then only for cause, and intelligence agencies may not hinder or improperly influence their work, the court found.
“Therefore, the General Court finds that it cannot be considered that the bulk collection of personal data by American intelligence agencies falls short of the requirements arising from Schrems II … or that US law fails to ensure a level of legal protection that is essentially equivalent to that guaranteed by EU law,” the court said in a statement.
Schrems considering appeal
The latest challenge to the EU-US data-sharing agreement follows two earlier challenges brought by Austrian lawyer Max Schrems.
The European Court of Justice struck down the EU-US Safe Harbour agreement in October 2015, in a case that became known as Schrems I.
In July 2020, in Schrems II, the court struck down a successor agreement, Privacy Shield, on the grounds that it did not provide European citizens with adequate right of redress when data is collected by US intelligence services.
The US adopted Executive Order 14086 in 2022 to strengthen protections for individuals under surveillance by US intelligence agencies. An order from the attorney general in the same year led to the creation of the Data Protection Review Court.
Schrems, honorary chairman of nyob, a non-profit organisation that campaigns on data protection and privacy, said he was considering appealing the General Court’s decision to endorse the Data Protection Framework.
He said the General Court appeared to have “massively departed” from the ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union in Schrems II, which struck down the predecessor agreement to the Data Privacy Framework in 2020.
Schrems said actions by President Trump in the US, who has threatened to remove the independent heads of the Federal Reserve and the Federal Trade Commission, show that the independence of the Data Protection Review Court cannot be guaranteed.
“The court in question is not even established by law, but just by an executive order of the president – and can hence be removed in a second. It is very surprising that the EU court would find that sufficient,” he said.
EU-US data transfers protected for ‘some time’
Joe Jones, director of research and insights at the International Association of Privacy Professionals, said the court’s decision would keep EU-US data transfers “on an even keel” for some time, and would support a “significant chunk” of transatlantic trade.
“Many eyes will now turn to whether the case will be appealed to the Court of Justice, which has traditionally taken a more expansive approach to data protection cases, and has a two out of two strike rate against EU-US data adequacy decisions,” he added.
The Business Software Alliance, a trade body for the software industry, said the decision provided stability for businesses and consumers in the EU and the US that rely on cross-border data flows.
The EU-US Data Privacy Framework is essential for the digital economy and helps companies adopt technologies that drive growth and competitiveness.
“The safeguards built into the framework assure a high level of privacy protection,” a spokesperson added.
The European Commission opposed Latombe’s legal challenge, supported by Ireland and the US.
Tech
Lenovo’s New Laptop Concept Can Swivel the Screen From Landscape to Portrait

Lenovo isn’t shy about trying new things. Last year, the PC maker teased a concept laptop with a transparent screen. Earlier this year, the ThinkBook Flip concept employed a flexible OLED display that folded over the top of the laptop lid, ready to flip up whenever you needed the extra screen space. At CES 2025, we saw a ThinkBook with a rollable OLED screen that expanded upward automatically at the touch of a button—this one is a real product you can actually buy.
Get ready for another whacky concept. At IFA 2025, the tech exhibition in Berlin, Lenovo unveiled its latest idea: the Lenovo ThinkBook VertiFlex. This is a laptop with a screen that can manually swivel from a standard horizontal orientation to vertical.
Portrait Mode
By default, the ThinkBook VertiFlex Concept looks like a normal 14-inch laptop. Look closely at the screen’s edge, however, and you’ll see a second layer jutting out; that’s the actual screen. Grab the right corner edge of the screen and push it upward, and the display will smoothly swivel up into a vertical orientation.
The back panel the screen is mounted on has a felt backing to keep everything smooth and scratch-free, and you can even prop a phone up here in this orientation. There’s a mechanism inside that manages the motion and keeps it operating smoothly. Despite this, the PC is still fairly slim at 17.9 mm, and it weighs roughly 3 pounds. (The 14-inch MacBook Pro is around 15 mm thick and weighs 3.4 pounds.)
I use a dual-screen setup with one vertical monitor next to my main ultrawide monitor at home. Having a vertical screen is a game-changer, as it’s perfect for applications that utilize more vertical space. Email is a great example, so are apps like Slack, anything to do with PDFs, and even most word processing software. But I’ve yet to change my screen orientation in the middle of a workflow.
Tech
Get Our Favorite Smart Lock for Just $164 Right Now

Is your current smart lock frustrating you endlessly, like mine is? The Yale Approach Smart Lock (8/10, WIRED Review) is currently marked down to just $164 on Amazon, a healthy 32% discount on our editors’ top pick for smart locks. This sale comes at a perfect time, because I was just complaining about the fingerprint reader on mine no longer working.
The Yale Approach uses part of your existing deadbolt, which is great news for renters who don’t want to make major changes. You’ll also get to use your existing keys to unlock the deadbolt, which can save you a trip to the locksmith. There’s also a wi-fi bridge that needs a nearby plug to provide other services, but that’s not uncommon for smart locks. Our reviewer, Nena Farrell, even said it “works perfectly,” which is great news, because I have to unplug mine and plug it back in at least once a week.
Approach isn’t just a name, as this smart deadbolt’s standout feature is auto-unlock. By setting up your location in the Yale Access App, you can set the bolt to unlock as your get close to home, which our reviewer said “worked smoothly”, as long as she got far enough away from home for it to recognize her return. There’s an auto-lock, too, using timers from 10 seconds to 30 minutes.
This version of the Yale Approach includes the touchscreen keypad, which needs its own flat space to either stick or screw to. In exchange, it lets you set codes for yourself or friends, with options for time and access limits if you need to manage entry to your home more carefully. It also gives you an easy button to press to lock the deadbolt as you leave the house, and a biometric fingerprint scanner.
No matter what smart lock you buy, there’s going to be a little bit of hassle, that just comes with the territory, unfortunately. The Yale smooths out a lot of the worst parts by adapting to your existing hardware, and mostly stays out of the way afterwards. The auto-unlock feature isn’t totally unique to the Approach, but it is currently our favorite implementation. The price is normally a bit on the high side, so the discount here makes this a very appealing pickup for anyone ready to relegate their old front door lock to the garage door, like I’m about to.
Tech
Similarities between human and AI learning offer intuitive design insights

New research has found similarities in how humans and artificial intelligence integrate two types of learning, offering new insights about how people learn as well as how to develop more intuitive AI tools.
The study is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Led by Jake Russin, a postdoctoral research associate in computer science at Brown University, the study found by training an AI system that flexible and incremental learning modes interact similarly to working memory and long-term memory in humans.
“These results help explain why a human looks like a rule-based learner in some circumstances and an incremental learner in others,” Russin said. “They also suggest something about what the newest AI systems have in common with the human brain.”
Russin holds a joint appointment in the laboratories of Michael Frank, a professor of cognitive and psychological sciences and director of the Center for Computational Brain Science at Brown’s Carney Institute for Brain Science, and Ellie Pavlick, an associate professor of computer science who leads the AI Research Institute on Interaction for AI Assistants at Brown.
Depending on the task, humans acquire new information in one of two ways. For some tasks, such as learning the rules of tic-tac-toe, “in-context” learning allows people to figure out the rules quickly after a few examples. In other instances, incremental learning builds on information to improve understanding over time—such as the slow, sustained practice involved in learning to play a song on the piano.
While researchers knew that humans and AI integrate both forms of learning, it wasn’t clear how the two learning types work together. Over the course of the research team’s ongoing collaboration, Russin—whose work bridges machine learning and computational neuroscience—developed a theory that the dynamic might be similar to the interplay of human working memory and long-term memory.
To test this theory, Russin used “meta-learning”—a type of training that helps AI systems learn about the act of learning itself—to tease out key properties of the two learning types. The experiments revealed that the AI system’s ability to perform in-context learning emerged after it meta-learned through multiple examples.
One experiment, adapted from an experiment in humans, tested for in-context learning by challenging the AI to recombine similar ideas to deal with new situations. If taught about a list of colors and a list of animals, could the AI correctly identify a combination of color and animal (e.g. a green giraffe) it had not seen together previously? After the AI meta-learned by being challenged to 12,000 similar tasks, it gained the ability to successfully identify new combinations of colors and animals.
The results suggest that for both humans and AI, quicker, flexible in-context learning arises after a certain amount of incremental learning has taken place.
“At the first board game, it takes you a while to figure out how to play,” Pavlick said. “By the time you learn your hundredth board game, you can pick up the rules of play quickly, even if you’ve never seen that particular game before.”
The team also found trade-offs, including between learning retention and flexibility: Similar to humans, the harder it is for AI to correctly complete a task, the more likely it will remember how to perform it in the future. According to Frank, who has studied this paradox in humans, this is because errors cue the brain to update information stored in long-term memory, whereas error-free actions learned in context increase flexibility but don’t engage long-term memory in the same way.
For Frank, who specializes in building biologically inspired computational models to understand human learning and decision-making, the team’s work showed how analyzing strengths and weaknesses of different learning strategies in an artificial neural network can offer new insights about the human brain.
“Our results hold reliably across multiple tasks and bring together disparate aspects of human learning that neuroscientists hadn’t grouped together until now,” Frank said.
The work also suggests important considerations for developing intuitive and trustworthy AI tools, particularly in sensitive domains such as mental health.
“To have helpful and trustworthy AI assistants, human and AI cognition need to be aware of how each works and the extent that they are different and the same,” Pavlick said. “These findings are a great first step.”
More information:
Jacob Russin et al, Parallel trade-offs in human cognition and neural networks: The dynamic interplay between in-context and in-weight learning, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2510270122
Citation:
Similarities between human and AI learning offer intuitive design insights (2025, September 4)
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