Business
IMF report in nutshell: Pakistan follows statist model | The Express Tribune
Statist economy, by restricting competition or picking up specific areas, allocates resources to protected sectors
ISLAMABAD:
By this time, many articles and commentaries have been published on the IMF report “Pakistan Governance and Corruption Diagnostic Assessment”. As already well understood before this report was issued, we do have systemic corruption and governance weaknesses that suppress investment, distort markets, undermine revenue collection, and perpetuate economic fragility.
We have been advocating that structural reforms, especially along the supply side, will unlock significant economic growth for Pakistan. This also resonated in the 5th Pakistan Prosperity Forum, which was themed on “Reforms for Growth”. Nevertheless, the report generated a stir. In this article, I will focus on what I believe is the main thrust of this report, building on a brief by the former chief economist, MA Zubair.
Fundamentally, the IMF report has concluded that we are running a statist economic model, which is now exhausted.
A statist economy is characterised by a state-corporate nexus, which thrives on thick protectionism, high tax rates and command and control. A statist economy is not a socialist economy; rather, it benefits a large section of the private sector, as argued by Khalil Ahmad in his thesis on the state elite.
A statist economy, by restricting competition or picking up specific sectors for government support, forcefully allocates resources to protected sectors. A large section of the private sector prospers due to its exclusive access to power, thus becoming an element and financier of the statist economy.
A statist economy has several tools available in its arsenal. It uses tax policy, tariffs, procurement, public spending, demand for credit, and state-run enterprises. None of these tools can be exercised without involving a private counterpart. Tax exemptions benefit certain sectors and firms; tariff protections provide advantages to a few at the cost of many; government procurement rules limit competition; development spending awards go to contractors; most of the banking credit goes to the federal government; and state-owned enterprises command half of the nation’s assets.
The IMF report synthesises these otherwise well-known characteristics of our economic model systematically, while providing evidence and data. In a way, this is a continuation of a report that UNDP published in 2021, which quantified ‘elite capture’ by measuring the cost of tax, privileges and tariff exemptions, while reminding us of the work of Dr Ishrat Husain on elitist state, around 25 years ago.
All exemptions granted, all procurement, and all transactions by state-owned enterprises have complete legal, legislative and judicial cover. None of these can be considered corruption or illegal in a formal sense. However, it is obvious that these systematic manipulations and intended distortions unlevel the playing field, erode opportunities, and retards economic growth. The IMF report also puts a number on it – a potential of 5% to 6% additional growth over the next five years.
Pakistan needs to shift from a statist economy to a market economy, which celebrates wealth creation under a responsible and limited state. Under an open political system, this culture will help wealth distribution, as private firms will compete for their market share without any restrictions.
A market economy is designed by rules and regulations. Voluntary exchange between individuals and firms is fundamentally driven by mutual trust. In the absence of these formal and informal institutions, exchange breaks down, and the market ceases to exist.
If you know that a local shop or a brand has deceptively sold you inferior quality goods, you are unlikely to make another purchase. If this information becomes widely known, the business closes down. This fatal discipline of the market keeps a check on producers and other market participants.
In contrast to a statist economy, a market economy, while far from perfection, thrives on economic freedom, but then, as Nadeemul Haque asserts, where are these markets? These markets, as we observe today, have a lot of friction and sludge. While we do face macroeconomic problems, these frictions are created by institutions and institutional practices, which keep increasing transaction costs.
Business groups oppose tariff liberalisation because they rightly see cost disadvantages in the form of high tax rates and high energy costs. They need the government to compensate for these advantages through tariff walls. Now these walls are gone, or they will be – brick by brick – there is a lot of resistance and frustration.
The solution does not lie in reversing tariff reforms; the solution lies in doing all other actions, where the government is seriously lacking. These other actions must be led by tax rates in one big move, especially now that the government is confident about deterrence and enforcement. The second major move must be rewriting the regulatory playbook. There are other actions, such as privatisation and spending cuts, which must be taken too.
The real economic transformation will occur when we begin our journey from a statist economy to a market economy. But the window is very small and is narrowing down.
The writer is the founder and CEO of Policy Research Institute of Market Economy, an independent economic think tank
Business
Pensioners Alert! Govt Asks Banks To Provide Pension Slip To Govt Employees On Monthly Basis
New Delhi: The Department of Pension & Pensioner’s Welfare (DoPPW) under the Ministry of Personnel, PG & Pensions has issued its latest Office Memorandum regarding Pension Payment Slip to all Central Civil Pensioners/Family Pensioners on monthly basis.
In its OM, the DoPPW has asked all banks to adhere to its previous order on issuance of pension slip. DoPPW highlighted that grievances are being still received in this office from Pensioners/Family Pensioners about the non-receipt of Pension Payment Slip.
“All CPPCs of Authorised Banks are once again instructed to invariably provide the pension payment slip to all central civil pensioners and family pensioners after credit of pension/family pension through various available modes including email,” DoPPW said.
The DoPPW further said that if email is not available, the same may be obtained from the pensioner so that the pension slip can be sent through e-mail also.
Business
OBR head’s resignation leaves potential landmines for Reeves
The shock resignation came for a very specific reason, but the OBR saga will continue with a series of decisions the chancellor will have to make over Richard Hughes’ replacement.
Firstly the Chancellor will have to find a respected and credible economist to run the OBR.
There are several candidates, who might fit the mould of fiercely independent bean counters.
The list will be carefully watched by the markets for any departure from the normal model. The problem is that there is some political pressure to do just that.
One of the points of tension was the refusal of Richard Hughes to give credit to the Government for “pro growth” policies.
Mr Hughes had said he would not score any policy unless it was material in its impact on the economy. In the event, none reached the 0.1% of national income threshold.
It is a careful balancing act, however.
Any perceived interference with the OBRs independence could impact market credibility too, and, for example raise UK government borrowing costs.
When I saw the now-departing chairman on the evening of the Budget last week, he was clearly mortified by the responsibility of his organisation for the early release of Budget information.
While it is no surprise to me that Mr Hughes took the honourable decision to resign for an error identified as the fault of a junior member of staff, it was not the only issue vexing him.
He was a fierce defender of the independence of his organisation from political and ministerial pressure – from right and left. That was seen during the Liz Truss mini budget episode, and in recent weeks too.
There had been a drumbeat of noise from the right, and the left and now from the centre too about the restrictions the OBR system placed on the freedoms of elected Governments.
The OBR was in some corners seen as an arm of a “woke deep state”, and by others as an “agent of austerity”.
There had, however, been tension over the Budget.
Changes had already been planned. The Chancellor had also announced that it would only respond to the OBR’s forecasts once a year.
Mr Hughes told me: “We’ll still be producing two full economic and fiscal forecasts looking five years out, twice a year, now and in the spring.
“But with this change of legislation, the government doesn’t feel obliged to respond to those forecasts with policy in the spring. It’ll be more like a health check on the economy and the public finances.
“There’ll be no loss of transparency from the forecast documentation that we’ll produce.”
The precise design of the new approach to the OBR’s forecast will matter. If there is a marked improvement in the public finances in spring, will the chancellor really avoid spending any “surplus” ahead of crucial local elections?
The OBR did around the Budget score an improvement to the UK economy as a deployment of AI by the end of the decade. The OBR also used new powers to initiate a tricky costing for the ballooning cost of special educational needs in England, inviting a backlash from some Cabinet ministers.
For some this underscores its ability like no campaign or Cabinet minister initiative, to focus Government priorities. Hughes denied the 35-member forecasting group was too powerful.
“The powers given to us are those given to us by Parliament in an Act of Parliament, and that’s to produce a forecast. Chancellors set their own targets. They set their own policies. Chancellors are in charge of £1.5 trillion worth of revenue and £1.5 trillion worth of spending.
“If they don’t want to meet their targets, they can change them, which we’ve seen chancellors do in the past as well. All we do is produce a baseline forecast, cost government policies when they give them to us, and we give them an assessment about whether we’re up there, in line and on track to meet those targets,” he told me.
In terms of the Government’s difficulties over the run up to this Budget, Mr Hughes may also take some important details of the timing of various claims around the state of the public finances to his gardening leave.
He had been due to address the Treasury Select Committee this morning, that has now been cancelled. He recognised the publication of his clarification table on Friday of the evolution of the forecasts was unusual.
Over five years at the OBR Richard Hughes faced five chancellors, and his relationship with all of them was designed to help promote UK economic stability.
The new relationship with a different OBR is an opportunity for the Government, but a big risk too.
Business
Eli Lilly cuts cash prices of Zepbound weight loss drug vials on direct-to-consumer site
The Eli Lilly logo appears on the company’s office in San Diego, California, U.S., Nov. 21, 2025.
Mike Blake | Reuters
Eli Lilly on Monday said it is lowering the cash prices of single-dose vials of its blockbuster weight loss drug Zepbound on its direct-to-consumer platform, LillyDirect, building on efforts by the company and the Trump administration to make the medicine more accessible.
The announcement also comes weeks after chief rival Novo Nordisk unveiled additional discounts on the cash prices of its obesity and diabetes drugs.
Starting Monday, cash-paying patients with a valid prescription can get the starting dose of Zepbound vials for as low as $299 per month on LillyDirect, down from a previous price of $349 per month. They can also access the next dose, 5 milligrams, for $399 per month and all other doses for $449 per month, down from $499 per month across those sizes.
Zepbound carries a list price of roughly $1,086 per month. That price point, and spotty insurance coverage for weight loss drugs in the U.S., have been significant barriers to access for some patients.
Eli Lilly’s announcement comes just weeks after President Donald Trump inked deals with Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk to make their GLP-1 drugs easier for Americans to get and afford. The agreements will cut the prices the government pays for the drugs, introduce Medicare coverage of obesity drugs for the first time for certain patients and offer discounted medicines on the government’s new direct-to-consumer website launching in January, TrumpRx.
But Eli Lilly’s deal with Trump centers around lowering the prices of a different form of Zepbound – a multi-dose pen – after it wins Food and Drug Administration approval.
That means Eli Lilly’s Monday announcement around cutting prices on the existing single-dose vials could allow more patients to get discounted treatments more quickly.
“We will keep working to provide more options — expanding choices for delivery devices and creating new pathways for access — so more people can get the medicines they need,” said Ilya Yuffa, president of Lilly USA and global customer capabilities, in a statement.
Eli Lilly’s stock, which has climbed more than 36% this year, fell nearly 2% on Monday. Its meteoric rise due to the success of Zepbound and its diabetes injection Mounjaro vaulted it to becoming the first health-care company to hit a $1 trillion market value last month. Though cutting prices means lower revenue per medication sold, Eli Lilly’s sales — and shares — have continued to soar through past pricing announcements as demand balloons.
With single-dose vials, patients need to use a syringe and needle to draw up the medicine and inject it into themselves. Eli Lilly first introduced that form of Zepbound in August 2024.
It’s unclear how many patients are currently using single-dose vials of Zepbound. But Eli Lilly previously said that direct-to-consumer sales now account for more than a third of new prescriptions of Zepbound.
Novo Nordisk earlier this month lowered the price of its obesity drug Wegovy and diabetes treatment Ozempic for existing cash-paying patients to $349 per month from $499 per month. That excludes the highest dose of Ozempic.
The company also launched a temporary introductory offer, which will allow new cash-paying patients to access the two lowest doses of Wegovy and Ozempic for $199 per month for the first two months of treatment.
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