Video assistant referee causes controversy every week in the Premier League, but how are decisions made and are they correct?

This season, we take a look at the major incidents to examine and explain the process, both in terms of VAR protocol and the Laws of the Game.

Andy Davies (@andydaviesref) is a former Select Group referee, with over 12 seasons on the elite list, working across the Premier League and Championship. With extensive experience at the elite level, he has operated within the VAR space in the Premier League and offers a unique insight into the processes, rationale and protocols that are delivered on a Premier League matchday.

Referee: Anthony Taylor
VAR: John Brooks
Time: 83 minutes
Incident: Possible red card for violent conduct

What happened: An altercation between Arsenal’s Gabriel and City’s Erling Haaland ended with the defender seemingly headbutting Haaland. Referee Anthony Taylor decided to give a yellow card to Gabriel, and the VAR did not intervene.

VAR decision: The VAR did not feel that a clear error had been made by the referee and confirmed the yellow card.

VAR review: VAR John Brooks would have taken the lead from the on-field communications from Anthony Taylor when reviewing this incident. Taylor’s view of the possible violent act by Gabriel and its subsequent contact was very credible, having all the information available to him, and he gave his rationale accordingly.

In law, a red card for violent conduct is considered when a player uses or attempts to use excessive force or brutality against an opponent when not challenging for the ball. However, such an action can be judged as a yellow card for adopting an aggressive attitude if the referee deems the contact as negligible.

This was the explanation given by Taylor, and the VAR did not fully disagree. In this situation and its specific circumstances, the VAR would not have looked to intervene and would have backed either a yellow or a red card based on the referee’s comms.

Verdict/insight: Let’s be clear, Gabriel is very fortunate to not receive a red card for violent conduct. His action in pushing his head toward Haaland in an aggressive manner was unwise, to say the least. Haaland’s ability to stay on his feet (many wouldn’t) certainly allowed Taylor the opportunity to manage the incident with a wider perspective.

The contact, in truth, probably wasn’t with excessive force, and therefore, you could argue a credible outcome was reached. However, it was a risk for Taylor, because if the game had a different outcome, his decision to give Gabriel only a yellow would have been a potential game changer.

In my opinion, Gabriel should have been sent off. It was an attempted violent act, and regardless of the level of contact or injury to his opponent, the action met the criteria for a red card.

LIVERPOOL, England — Liverpool needed that. After a season of turmoil, Liverpool needed Virgil van Dijk to rise the highest. They needed Mohamed Salah to conjure up just one more magical moment. They needed a reason to believe.

The defense of their Premier League title has largely been a campaign without joy for Arne Slot’s side, with reserves of hope seeming to dwindle by the week. But with Liverpool there is always a chance, and when the chance came against Everton — this time in the 100th minute – — Van Dijk seized it with the fearlessness and fortitude of a player who knew there were more than just three points on the line.

It was fitting that, as Liverpool faced off against Everton in the first Merseyside derby at Hill Dickinson Stadium, Arsenal and Manchester City were preparing to star in this weekend’s main event over at the Etihad. That Liverpool were only the warmup act to this season’s title decider should and will sting for the reigning champions — but a last-gasp 2-1 win at the home of their local rivals will go some way to soothing the pain.

Make no mistake, this was not Liverpool at their ebullient best — far from it. But Slot’s side did, at least, show the grit and character that has evaded it for too much of this torrid campaign and, in doing so, inflicted yet more misery on an Everton team many had regarded as the favorite going into this encounter.

The prematch scenes on Merseyside left little doubt about how much this meant for Everton supporters. They lined the streets with flares and flags to greet the team coach before unfurling an impressive tifo banner as the players readied themselves for action.

The energy in the stands transmitted instantly to the players on the pitch, and Everton hassled and harried their opponents with the fervor of a team smelling blood. Certainly, Liverpool went into Sunday’s game as a wounded beast, having bowed out of the UEFA Champions League with a 4-0 aggregate defeat to Paris Saint-Germain on Tuesday night, in the process of which they also lost striker Hugo Ekitike to a serious Achilles injury.

So when the lively Iliman Ndiaye found the back of the Liverpool net inside 27 minutes, it seemed as if yet another miserable prophecy were set to be fulfilled. Perhaps, though, the fates were smiling on Slot’s side, with a VAR intervention sparing the Reds’ blushes and offering them a platform to show their mettle.

Just 66 seconds later, Liverpool were ahead thanks to the brilliance of Salah, who slotted coolly past Jordan Pickford after a superb pass from Cody Gakpo. All of a sudden, it was as if the blue mist had lifted.

Salah beamed as he stood before the euphoric away end, having just tied Steven Gerrard for the most goals scored by a Liverpool player in Premier League Merseyside derbies (nine). It has not been a vintage Salah season by any stretch of the imagination — and it will be his last — but the sight of the Egypt international being “crowned” by teammate Curtis Jones after carving out another slice of history seemed like a poignant footnote in one of the all-time great Anfield careers.

Liverpool, though, did not have it all their own way. So often this term, they seem to have conspired to make life hard for themselves, and they did so again when some lackadaisical defending allowed the in-form Beto to dispatch a smart Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall delivery early in the second half. It was Beto’s sixth goal involvement in as many games, with his instinctive finish once more lighting the blue touchpaper inside Hill Dickinson Stadium.

Liverpool’s anguish was compounded by the sight of goalkeeper Giorgi Mamardashvili leaving the pitch on a stretcher in the immediate aftermath of the goal, having sustained what Slot later described as a “big wound” to a leg. His replacement, Freddie Woodman, could hardly have asked for a more daunting arena in which to make his Premier League debut for the club, but the former Preston North End man stood firm, and so did his teammates. Liverpool were not electrifying, but they did not need to be.

Instead, they made life difficult for Everton, who never quite managed to wrestle back the momentum they had enjoyed during the early stages of this contest. And when, in the dying minutes of stopping time, Dominik Szoboszlai swung an enticing corner kick into the Everton box, Van Dijk was there to apply the finishing touch.

The Dutchman’s thumping header helped yield a victory that bolsters Liverpool’s hopes of Champions League qualification, with the Reds now seven points clear of sixth-place Chelsea with just five games left to play. More importantly, though, Van Dijk’s goal recaptured something intangible for Liverpool; the feeling that they should never quite be written off.

“It’s a privilege to represent this club and today they showed what it means to the players to represent this club,” Slot said in his postmatch news conference. “And the fans were, as they’ve been throughout the whole season, a big, big, big support for us. And to beat them then in the first game in their new stadium after what I just said, the week we had, is an enormous compliment to everybody involved in Liverpool FC.”

For Slot, the full-time whistle must have felt like a release valve — a rare moment to stop and exhale in a breathlessly bewildering season that has prompted endless speculation over his future. For those in the away end, too, this was an afternoon to savor.

As the home fans filed out of the stadium, the Liverpool supporters launched into a defiant chorus of “Champions, champions.” With the end of the campaign firmly on the horizon, their chances to air that refrain are now few and far between.

On Sunday, though, Liverpool seized their chance. How they needed it.

Lionel Messi had two goals, including a stunning 79th-minute winner, to give Inter Miami a victory in new interim coach Guillermo Hoyos’ first match in charge Saturday.

Mexico striker Germán Berterame also scored as Miami beat the Colorado Rapids 3-2 in front of a crowd of 75,824 — the second-highest attendance in MLS history — at Empower Field at Mile High.

It was Miami’s first game since Javier Mascherano stepped down as coach Tuesday, just four months after guiding the club to its first MLS Cup title.

Hoyos, whose relationship with Messi dates back to his time working at Barcelona’s renowned La Masia academy more than 20 years ago, was put in charge of the first team for “the upcoming matches,” moving over from his current role of sporting director.

“It has been a beautiful experience because there are players of immense quality here including the greatest player in history,” Hoyos said in a news conference.

“I was excited on many occasions, because football truly is all about that emotion and passion.”

Messi opened the scoring when he converted a penalty kick in the 13th minute, before his late go-ahead goal. After a Colorado turnover near midfield, Messi cut back near the right corner of the penalty box and struck a rising shot that split a pair of defenders and slipped inside the back post.

Messi has seven goals this season, tied with Sam Surridge and Petar Musa for most in MLS.

Asked how he approaches coaching his fellow Argentine and the record eight-time Ballon d’Or winner, Hoyos responded: “The best coach in the world is actually out there on the pitch. We coaches are merely guides.”

Miami (4-1-3) is now seven games unbeaten and hasn’t lost since a season-opening 3-0 defeat to LAFC.

Miami midfielder Yannick Bright was shown a straight red card in the 87th minute for using “offensive, insulting, abusive language heard by the referee,” the Professional Referee Organization, which oversees MLS referees, confirmed to ESPN. According to the PRO pool report, Bright used the phrase b—- ass n—a.”

“Honestly, I don’t know, and I was certainly surprised, by the sending off,” Hoyos said when asked about the reason for the expulsion.

Bright drew a penalty conceded by Joshua Atencio, and Messi converted from the spot to open the scoring.

Mateo Silvetti, along the right end line, played an arcing cross to the back post, where Berterame slammed home a header to make it 2-0 in the fifth minute of first-half stoppage time.

Berterame scored his first MLS goal last time out in a 2-2 tie with the New York Red Bulls.

Rafael Navarro scored in the 58th minute for the Rapids. The 26-year-old forward scored two goals in last week’s 6-2 win over Houston and has six goals this season.

Darren Yapi subbed on for Hamzat Ojediran and, moments later, scored on the counterattack to make it 2-2 in the 62nd minute.

ESPN’s Lizzy Becherano and The Associated Press contributed to this report.