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Patterned electrodes reveal how bubble spacing affects hydrogen production efficiency

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Patterned electrodes reveal how bubble spacing affects hydrogen production efficiency


The bubble growth curves of bubbles. Credit: Small (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202505728

As part of a Special Invitation Collection celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Global Young Academy (GYA), a UT team led by David Fernandez Rivas has presented new insights into how bubbles behave during hydrogen production. By designing electrodes that guide the formation and merging of bubbles, the team has taken a significant step toward enhancing the efficiency of electrolysis for green hydrogen production.

The GYA was launched in 2010 with strong University of Twente involvement, as it was co-founded by UT professors Hans Hilgenkamp and Wilfred van der Wiel. Since then, it has grown into a leading platform for early-career researchers worldwide. To mark its 15th anniversary, the academy invited contributions from members and alumni to showcase how tackle complex, global problems.

“This special invitation feels like closing a circle,” says David Fernandez Rivas, now an alumnus of the GYA. “UT was there at the birth of the academy, and 15 years later, we can show how our research over the past 10 years in Twente continues that mission: combining curiosity with real-world impact.”

Tiny cavities, controlled bubbles

Hydrogen is often produced through electrolysis, where bubbles form on electrodes as water splits into hydrogen and oxygen. But uncontrolled bubbles can block surfaces, reducing efficiency. However, bubbles often appear at random locations on electrode surfaces, complicating efforts to better understand them.

To overcome this, the UT researchers with access to the Nanolab cleanroom from the MESA+ Institute created patterned with tiny hydrophobic cavities. These are places where bubbles can consistently form, which lowers the randomness and therefore increases the controllability of electrochemical processes.

What makes this study stand out is that the team varied the distance between the cavities. This allowed them to see how bubbles grow, merge, and detach depending on how close their neighbors are.

They discovered that when the cavities are closer together, bubbles break off more often and in smaller sizes. This also helps reduce the buildup of gas around the bubbles. However, it also leads to more coverage on the electrode, which is a bit of a trade-off that needs to be balanced. The work is published in the journal Small.

“We showed that are not just a nuisance on electrodes, but can actually help drive gas away from the electrode if cleverly managed,” explains Dr. Akash Raman, who carried out the research as part of his Ph.D. “By adjusting the spacing of the cavities, we identified trade-offs between blocking the electrode and improving transport.”

More information:
Akash Raman et al, Electrolytic Bubble Coalescence on Hydrophobic Cavity Arrays Determines Departure Radius and Lowers Electrolyte Supersaturation, Small (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202505728

Journal information:
Small


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Do Waterproof Sneakers Keep the Slosh In or Out? Let WIRED Explain

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Do Waterproof Sneakers Keep the Slosh In or Out? Let WIRED Explain


Running with wet feet, in wet socks, in wet shoes is the perfect recipe for blisters. It’s also a fast track to low morale. Nothing dampens spirits quicker than soaked socks. On ultra runs, I always carry spares. And when faced with wet, or even snowy, mid-winter miles, the lure of weatherproof shoes is strong. Anything that can stem the soggy tide is worth a go, right?

This isn’t as simple an answer as it sounds. In the past, a lot of runners—that includes me—felt waterproof shoes came with too many trade-offs, like thicker, heavier uppers that change the feel of your shoes or a tendency to run hot and sweaty. In general, weatherproof shoes are less comfortable.

But waterproofing technology has evolved, and it might be time for a rethink. Winterized shoes can now be as light as the regular models, breathability is better, and the comfort levels have improved. Brands are also starting to add extra puddle protection to some of the most popular shoes. So it’s time to ask the questions again: Just how much difference does a bit of Gore-Tex really make? Are there still trade-offs for that extra protection? And is it really worth paying the premium?

I spoke to the waterproofing pros, an elite ultra runner who has braved brutal conditions, and some expert running shoe testers. Here’s everything you need to know about waterproof running shoes in 2026. Need more information? Check out our guide to the Best Running Shoes, our guide to weatherproof fabrics, and our guide to the Best Rain Jackets.

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How Do Waterproof Running Shoes Work?

On a basic level, waterproof shoes add extra barriers between your nice dry socks and the wet world outside. If you’re running through puddles deep enough to breach your heel collars, you’re still going to get wet feet. But waterproof shoes can protect against rain, wet grass, snow, and smaller puddles.

Gore-Tex is probably the most common waterproofing tech in footwear, but it’s not the only solution in town. Some brands have proprietary tech, or you might come across alternative systems like eVent and Sympatex. That GTX stamp is definitely the one you’re most likely to encounter, so here’s how GTX works.

The water resistance comes from a layered system that is composed of a durable water repellent (DWR) coating to the uppers with an internal membrane, along with other details like taped seams, more sealed uppers with tighter woven mesh, gusseted tongues, and higher, gaiter-style heel collars.



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I’ve Been Waiting Months for This Gorgeous Laptop to Drop in Price. It Finally Happened

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I’ve Been Waiting Months for This Gorgeous Laptop to Drop in Price. It Finally Happened


After a long time of resisting significant price drops, the Asus Zenbook S 16 has finally dropped down to $1,000, which is $500 off its retail price.

It’s normal for laptops to dip in price toward the end of their lifespan, close to when an update comes out. But the Asus Zenbook S 16 has held on. To be fair, it’s an extremely high-end Windows laptop, one of the prettiest to come out last year. It’s sleek, portable, and has a striking design. It even gets fantastic battery life, on par with a MacBook. Speaking of MacBooks, this Zenbook is the laptop I saw tech journalists traveling with more than anything else. Given how much tech they review, that’s quite an endorsement.

But the S 16 has always been hard for me to recommend when the cheapest model available was $1,500. I was always on the lookout for a more significant price cut, but it never dropped more than a couple hundred bucks. And even though it always came with 24 GB of RAM and a terabyte of storage, the price was a hard pill to swallow. Well, the day has finally come. It’s now down to $1,000 over at Best Buy as part of the store’s Presidents’ Day sale. That’s an incredible price for this much laptop.

Photograph: Christopher Null

Asus

Zenbook S 16 (UM5606)

The previously mentioned memory and storage still apply here, along with the 2880 x 1800 OLED display with a 120-Hz refresh rate. This laptop basically has every high-end feature you could imagine, but one of my favorite aspects is the ports. Despite the thin profile, the S 16 keeps all the legacy ports you might want, including HDMI, USB-A, and even a full-size SD card slot.

There is also a smaller, 14-inch model, but its discount is not as strong as the 16-inch model. It comes in at $1,300 right now, which is still a solid price for this configuration.

I should say that Asus has an update in the works for 2026 with the latest Intel chips, but it’s only coming to the 14-inch model. I won’t lie: Based on my testing, these CPUs will make a significant difference in performance—especially on the graphics front. But I have a feeling Asus will be selling this device for an even higher price for much longer, especially with the recent development around memory shortage.

While the Zenbook S 16 is certainly the best deal at Best Buy for its Presidents’ Day sale, I would also recommend the Asus Zephyrus G14, which is also $500 off. This configuration comes with a powerful RTX 5070 Ti graphics card and is one of our favorite gaming laptops.



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‘Uncanny Valley’: ICE’s Secret Expansion Plans, Palantir Workers’ Ethical Concerns, and AI Assistants

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‘Uncanny Valley’: ICE’s Secret Expansion Plans, Palantir Workers’ Ethical Concerns, and AI Assistants


Brian Barrett: They’ve got 80 billion or so to spend 75 billion of that I think they have to spend in the next four years. So yeah, they’re going to keep expanding. And when you think of how much of an impact 3000 agents officers had in Minneapolis alone, that’s like an eighth of the, they can repeat some version of that in a lot of different spots.

Leah Feiger: And I’ve been fielding, honestly, shout out to the many local reporters around the country who’ve been contacting me in the last day or so, just to ask questions about the locations that we named that are near them or in their states or cities. And the thing to me that keeps coming up is that in addition to new buildings, they’re getting put into preexisting government buildings, preexisting leases, or that that appears to be the plan. And then we’ve also found that a bunch of these ICE offices are being located near plans for giant immigration detention warehouses, and we’re looking at offices being set up, say 20 minutes, an hour and 20 minutes away for these. Yeah. So we’re looking at different, the triangulation of this around you have to have your lawyers, your agents, have a place to get their orders and put their computers and do in some ways very mundane things that are required of an operation like this one.

Brian Barrett: Well, Leah, that’s a good point. I think when people hear ICE offices or when I do just instinctively, I think of ICE as guys with guns and masks and all that, but that’s not exactly what we’re saying here. Do you mind talking through what these offices seem to be queued up to be used for and by whom? Because ICE is not just the masked guys with bad tattoos.

Leah Feiger: Yes, absolutely. So what we reported in this story as well was some of the specific parts of ICE that actually reached out to GSA and asked them to expedite the process of getting new leases, et cetera, included in that, for example, where representatives from Ola, Ola is ICE’s office of the principal legal advisor. So that’s the lawyers, those are the ICE lawyers that are working with the courts and arguing back or deportation orders saying yes, no, et cetera, signing the documents, putting everything in front of judges. This is a really important part of this entire operation that we’re not talking about a ton. There’s a lot of focus on the DOJ. There’s a lot of focus. There was an excellent article this week in Politico talking about all of these federal judges that are really, really upset that DHS and ICE are ignoring their requests for immigrants to not be detained anymore.

The missing level of that is the lawyers that are part of this that are representing ICE to the US government here, and that’s ola. So they’ve reached out to GSA extensively as we report to get these leasing locations, specifically with the OLA legal request. I just want to get across how big this is. How massive is this ICE repeatedly outlined its expansion to cities around the us And this one piece of memorandum that we got from Ola stated that ICE will be expanding its legal operations into Birmingham, Alabama, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Jacksonville, and Tampa, Des Moines, Iowa, Boise, Idaho, Louisville, Kentucky, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, grand Rapids, Michigan, St. Louis, Missouri, rally, North Carolina, long Island, New York, Columbus, Ohio, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charleston and Columbia, South Carolina, Nashville, Tennessee, Richmond, Virginia, Spokane, Washington and Cord Delaine, Idaho and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We have other locations as well throughout the rest of the article, but those are the requests from OLA.



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