Tech
Scandium doping technique extends sodium-ion battery life
Because lithium is relatively scarce and sodium is abundant in Earth’s crust, sodium-ion batteries are being investigated as viable, cost-effective alternatives to the widely used lithium-ion batteries. In these batteries, the choice of cathode material primarily influences battery capacity and stability.
Layered sodium manganese oxides (Na2/3MnO2) have attracted significant attention in recent years as cathode materials for high-capacity sodium-ion batteries without using any rare-earth metals. However, while these materials exhibit high initial capacity, their rapid capacity fading during charge-discharge cycling remains a significant challenge.
During charge-discharge cycling of NaMnO2 electrodes, Na+ ions are constantly inserted and extracted from the cathode material. This is accompanied by changes in the oxidation states of manganese (Mn) between Mn3+ to Mn4+. When Mn3+ ions form, they distort their surrounding lattice to lower electronic energy, a phenomenon known as Jahn-Teller distortion.
Over time, these repeated distortions lead to a buildup of strain at both atomic and particle levels in NaMnO2, eventually resulting in the loss of crystallinity and severe capacity degradation. This is the main cause of capacity loss during cycling of Na2/3MnO2 electrodes. Recent studies have attempted to address this issue by substituting metals at Mn sites.
In a recent study, a research team led by Professor Shinichi Komaba, along with Mr. Kodai Moriya and Project Scientist Dr. Shinichi Kumakura, from the Department of Applied Chemistry at Tokyo University of Science, Japan, revealed how scandium (Sc) doping can dramatically improve the cycling stability of P’2 polytype of Na2/3MnO2 electrodes.
“Previously, we discovered that Sc doping in P’2 Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 electrodes can improve the battery performance and long-term stability,” explains Prof. Komaba. “However, the exact mechanism for this improvement remains unresolved, and it was unclear whether this effect is generally applicable. In this study, we systematically studied P2 and P’2 polytypes of Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 to understand the role of Sc doping.”
Their study was published in the journal Advanced Materials on September 12, 2025.
The crystal structure of Na2/3MnO2 has several polytypes, which differ in several aspects. A key difference between the P2 and P’2 polytypes is that former exhibits localized Jahn-Teller distortions, while the latter features cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion where the distortions are aligned in a long-range order. The researchers conducted a series of experiments on both doped and undoped samples of each polytype containing varying amounts of Sc.
Structural tests revealed that Sc doping in P’2 Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 effectively modulates its structure, resulting in smaller particles and altered crystal growth, while preserving cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion and superstructure. This significantly improves structural stability. In addition, the team found that Sc doping prevents side reactions with liquid electrolytes and enhances moisture stability by forming a cathode-electrolyte interface layer.
As a result, in Na-half-cell tests, the Sc-doped P’2 type Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 electrodes demonstrated a substantial improvement in cycling stability. The sample with 8% Sc doping was found to have optimal performance.
The researchers also found that unlike non-doped samples, the crystallinity of the doped samples was remarkably maintained during cycling. Interestingly, Sc doping did not improve the cycling stability of P2 NaMnO2 electrodes, indicating a specific synergy between Sc doping and cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion. Furthermore, doping with other similar metal cations, like ytterbium and aluminum, did not reduce capacity fading, highlighting the unique role of Sc.
They also tested the effect of pre-cycling, a common technique to improve cycle life, which further improved capacity retention in the doped P’2 Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 electrodes. Building upon these results, the researchers fabricated coin-type full cells using the 8% Sc-doped P’2 Na2/3[Mn1-xScx]O2 electrodes, which demonstrated an impressive 60% capacity retention after 300 cycles.
“Since Sc is an expensive metal, our study demonstrates its feasibility in the development of batteries. Our findings can potentially lead to development of high-performance and long-life sodium-ion batteries,” says Prof. Komaba, highlighting the importance of their research.
“Moreover, beyond sodium-ion batteries, our study illustrates a new strategy to extend the structural stability of layered metal oxides involving the lattice distortion and improve the performance of batteries made using these materials.”
Overall, this study demonstrates the unique role of Sc doping for improving cycling stability of sodium-ion batteries, paving the way for their broader adoption.
More information:
Kodai Moriya et al, Unique Impacts of Scandium Doping on Electrode Performance of P’2‐ and P2‐type Na2/3MnO2, Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202511719
Citation:
Scandium doping technique extends sodium-ion battery life (2025, September 17)
retrieved 17 September 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-scandium-doping-technique-sodium-ion.html
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Tech
How Trump’s Plot to Grab Iran’s Nuclear Fuel Would Actually Work
President Donald Trump and top defense officials are reportedly weighing whether to send ground troops to Iran in order to retrieve the country’s highly enriched uranium. However, the administration has shared little information about which troops would be deployed, how they would retrieve the nuclear material, or where the material would go next.
“People are going to have to go and get it,” secretary of state Marco Rubio said at a congressional briefing earlier this month, referring to the possible operation.
There are some indications that an operation is close on the horizon. On Tuesday, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Pentagon has imminent plans to deploy 3,000 brigade combat troops to the Middle East. (At the time of writing, the order has not been made.) The troops would come from the Army’s 82nd Airborne Division, which specializes in “joint forcible entry operations.” On Wednesday, Iran’s government rejected Trump’s 15-point plan to end the war, and White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said that the president “is prepared to unleash hell” in Iran if a peace deal is not reached—a plan some lawmakers have reportedly expressed concern about.
Drawing from publicly available intelligence and their own experience, two experts outlined the likely contours of a ground operation targeting nuclear sites. They tell WIRED that any version of a ground operation would be incredibly complicated and pose a huge risk to the lives of American troops.
“I personally think a ground operation using special forces supported by a larger force is extremely, extremely risky and ultimately infeasible,” Spencer Faragasso, a senior research fellow at the Institute for Science and International Security, tells WIRED.
Nuclear Ambitions
Any version of the operation would likely take several weeks and involve simultaneous actions at multiple target locations that aren’t in close proximity to each other, the experts say. Jonathan Hackett, a former operations specialist for the Marines and the Defense Intelligence Agency, tells WIRED that as many as 10 locations could be targeted: the Isfahan, Arak, and Darkhovin research reactors; the Natanz, Fordow, and Parchin enrichment facilities; the Saghand, Chine, and Yazd mines; and the Bushehr power plant.
According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Isfahan likely has the majority of the country’s 60 percent highly enriched uranium, which may be able to support a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, though weapon-grade material generally consists of 90 percent enriched uranium. Hackett says that the other two enrichment facilities may also have 60 percent highly enriched uranium, and that the power plant and all three research reactors may have 20 percent enriched uranium. Faragasso emphasizes that any such supplies deserve careful attention.
Hackett says that eight of the 10 sites—with the exception of Isfahan, which is likely intact underground, and “Pickaxe Mountain,” a relatively new enrichment facility near Natanz—were mostly or partially buried after last June’s air raids. Just before the war, Faragasso says, Iran backfilled the tunnel entrances to the Isfahan facility with dirt.
The riskiest version of a ground operation would involve American troops physically retrieving nuclear material. Hackett says that this material would be stored in the form of uranium hexafluoride gas inside “large cement vats.” Faragasso adds that it’s unclear how many of these vats may have been broken or damaged. At damaged sites, troops would have to bring excavators and heavy equipment capable of moving immense amounts of dirt to retrieve them
A comparatively less risky version of the operation would still necessitate ground troops, according to Hackett. However, it would primarily use air strikes to entomb nuclear material inside of their facilities. Ensuring that nuclear material is inaccessible in the short to medium term, Faragasso says, would entail destroying the entrances to underground facilities and ideally collapsing the facilities’ underground roofs.
Softening the Area
Hackett tells WIRED that based on his experience and all publicly available information, Trump’s negotiations with Iran are “probably a ruse” that buys time to move troops into place.
Hackett says that an operation would most likely begin with aerial bombardments in the areas surrounding the target sites. These bombers, he says, would likely be from the 82nd Airborne Division or the 11th or 31st Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU). The 11th MEU, a “rapid-response” force, and the 31st MEU, the only Marine unit continuously deployed abroad in strategic areas, have reportedly both been deployed to the Middle East.
Tech
Amazon’s Spring Sale Is So-So, but Cadence Capsules Are a Bright Spot
The WIRED Reviews Team has been covering Amazon’s Big Spring Sale since it began at on Wednesday, and the overall deals have been … not great, honestly. So far, we’ve found decent markdowns on vacuums, smart bird feeders, and even an air fryer we love, but I just saw that Cadence Capsules, those colorful magnetic containers you may have seen on your social media pages, are 20 percent off. (For reference, the last time I saw them on sale, they were a measly 9 percent off.)
If you’re not familiar, they allow you to decant your full-sized personal care products you use at home—from shampoo and sunscreen to serums and pills—into a labeled, modular system of hexagonal containers that are leak-proof, dishwasher safe, and stick together magnetically in your bag or on a countertop. No more jumbled, travel-sized toiletries and leaky, mismatched bottles and tubes.
Cadence Capsules have garnered some grumbling online for being overly heavy or leaking, but I’ve been using them regularly for about a year—I discuss decanting your daily-use products in my guide to How to Pack Your Beauty Routine for Travel—and haven’t experienced any leaks. They do add weight if you’re trying to travel super-light, and because they’re magnetic, they will also stick to other metal items in your toiletry bag, like bobby pins or other hair accessories. This can be annoying, especially if you’re already feeling chaotic or in a hurry.
Otherwise, Capsules are modular, convenient, and make you feel supremely organized—magnetic, interchangeable inserts for the lids come with permanent labels like “shampoo,” “conditioner,” “cleanser,” and “moisturizer.” Maybe you love this; maybe you don’t. But at least if you buy on Amazon, you can choose which label genre you get (Haircare, Bodycare, Skincare, Daily Routine). If this just isn’t your jam, the Cadence website offers a set of seven that allows you to customize the color and lid label of each Capsule, but that set is not currently on sale.
Tech
Fellow Readers, Don’t Miss These E-Reader Sales
This is the older Kindle Scribe, but the price and features are the best you’ll get, especially when it’s on sale like this. I still reach for this model even though I have the newer third generation, and keep in mind the second generation will also get some of the newer software and experiences over time. With the sale, it’s half the price of the newer model.
If you’re already a Kindle reader and looking to upgrade, it’s likely because you want a new feature like a color screen. While the Kobo above is the better buy, if you want to stay in the Kindle ecosystem but add some color to your books, both the Colorsoft and Colorsoft Signature are on sale.
If you’re looking to spend as little as possible, the basic Kindle (11th generation) is still a great e-reader and is currently under $100. It can do almost everything the other Kindles can (except the Scribe) on a snappy black-and-white screen. It doesn’t have a warm front light either, but it’s still a great purchase for the price.
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