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Simple formula could guide the design of faster-charging, longer-lasting batteries

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Simple formula could guide the design of faster-charging, longer-lasting batteries


Lithium intercalation is the process by which lithium ions insert themselves into the solid electrode of a lithium-ion battery. MIT researchers have shown that as lithium ions (green) move from an electrolyte solution (right) to a cobalt oxide electrode (left), electrons also move into the electrode and reduce the cobalt (gray atoms with gold halo). Credit: MIT

At the heart of all lithium-ion batteries is a simple reaction: Lithium ions dissolved in an electrolyte solution “intercalate” or insert themselves into a solid electrode during battery discharge. When they de-intercalate and return to the electrolyte, the battery charges.

This process happens thousands of times throughout the life of a battery. The amount of power that the battery can generate, and how quickly it can charge, depend on how fast this reaction happens. However, little is known about the exact mechanism of this reaction, or the factors that control its rate.

In a study appearing in Science, MIT researchers have measured lithium intercalation rates in a variety of different battery materials and used that data to develop a new model of how the reaction is controlled. Their model suggests that lithium intercalation is governed by a process known as coupled ion-electron transfer, in which an electron is transferred to the electrode along with a lithium ion.

Insights gleaned from this model could guide the design of more powerful and faster charging , the researchers say.

“What we hope is enabled by this work is to get the reactions to be faster and more controlled, which can speed up charging and discharging,” says Martin Bazant, the Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineering and a professor of mathematics at MIT.

The new model may also help scientists understand why tweaking electrodes and electrolytes in certain ways leads to increased energy, power, and battery life—a process that has mainly been done by trial and error.

“This is one of these papers where now we began to unify the observations of reaction rates that we see with different materials and interfaces, in one theory of coupled electron and ion transfer for intercalation, building up previous work on reaction rates,” says Yang Shao-Horn, the J.R. East Professor of Engineering at MIT and a professor of mechanical engineering, and engineering, and chemistry.

Shao-Horn and Bazant are the senior authors of the paper. The paper’s lead authors are Yirui Zhang Ph.D., who is now an assistant professor at Rice University; Dimitrios Fraggedakis Ph.D., who is now an assistant professor at Princeton University; Tao Gao, a former MIT postdoc who is now an assistant professor at the University of Utah; and MIT graduate student Shakul Pathak.

Modeling lithium flow

For many decades, scientists have hypothesized that the rate of lithium intercalation at a lithium-ion battery electrode is determined by how quickly lithium ions can diffuse from the electrolyte into the electrode. This reaction, they believed, was governed by a model known as the Butler-Volmer equation, originally developed almost a century ago to describe the rate of charge transfer during an electrochemical reaction.

However, when researchers have tried to measure lithium intercalation rates, the measurements they obtained were not always consistent with the rates predicted by the Butler-Volmer equation.

Furthermore, obtaining consistent measurements across labs has been difficult, with different research teams reporting measurements for the same reaction that varied by a factor of up to 1 billion.

In the new study, the MIT team measured lithium intercalation rates using an electrochemical technique that involves applying repeated, short bursts of voltage to an electrode.

They generated these measurements for more than 50 combinations of electrolytes and electrodes, including lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, which is commonly used in electric vehicle batteries, and lithium cobalt oxide, which is found in the batteries that power most cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronics.

For these materials, the measured rates are much lower than has previously been reported, and they do not correspond to what would be predicted by the traditional Butler-Volmer model.

The researchers used the data to come up with an alternative theory of how lithium intercalation occurs at the surface of an electrode. This theory is based on the assumption that in order for a to enter an electrode, an electron from the must be transferred to the electrode at the same time.

“The electrochemical step is not lithium insertion, which you might think is the main thing, but it’s actually electron transfer to reduce the solid material that is hosting the lithium,” Bazant says. “Lithium is intercalated at the same time that the electron is transferred, and they facilitate one another.”

This coupled-electron ion transfer (CIET) lowers the that must be overcome for the intercalation reaction to occur, making it more likely to happen. The mathematical framework of CIET allowed the researchers to make reaction rate predictions, which were validated by their experiments and substantially different from those made by the Butler-Volmer model.

Faster charging

In this study, the researchers also showed that they could tune intercalation rates by changing the composition of the electrolyte. For example, swapping in different anions can lower the amount of energy needed to transfer the lithium and electron, making the process more efficient.

“Tuning the intercalation kinetics by changing electrolytes offers great opportunities to enhance the reaction rates, alter electrode designs, and therefore enhance the battery power and energy,” Shao-Horn says.

Shao-Horn’s lab and their collaborators have been using automated experiments to make and test thousands of different electrolytes, which are used to develop machine-learning models to predict electrolytes with enhanced functions.

The findings could also help researchers to design batteries that would charge faster, by speeding up the lithium intercalation reaction. Another goal is reducing the side reactions that can cause battery degradation when electrons are picked off the and dissolve into the .

“If you want to do that rationally, not just by trial and error, you need some kind of theoretical framework to know what are the important material parameters that you can play with,” Bazant says. “That’s what this paper tries to provide.”

More information:
Yirui Zhang et al, Lithium-ion intercalation by coupled ion-electron transfer, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adq2541. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq2541

This story is republished courtesy of MIT News (web.mit.edu/newsoffice/), a popular site that covers news about MIT research, innovation and teaching.

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I Keep Cooking Thanksgiving! Here’s the Best Holiday Meal Delivery

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I Keep Cooking Thanksgiving! Here’s the Best Holiday Meal Delivery


Making a full Thanksgiving feast for guests can be daunting, for some perhaps even terrifying. The world, and especially Hallmark movies, is full of holiday disaster stories: burnt turkeys, failed desserts, steamed hams. But I’m not bragging when I say that the first Thanksgiving dinner I prepared for my extended family—a little early, this year—was an unmitigated success.

My aunt couldn’t stop talking about the black pepper in the biscuits and the sage on the carrots. My uncle went in for the turkey and the apple-sausage stuffing. My father didn’t speak at all, unless prompted. He just ate and ate. This was a compliment.

But of course, I had cheated. I had ordered my Thanksgiving in the mail—one of the new breed of Thanksgiving meal kits.

The meal was genuinely home-cooked, of course, prepared mostly from scratch. But the entire seven-platter feast—its ingredients and recipes—had arrived two days before, in a box large enough to house a primal cut of beef. It was Thanksgiving in a box: a $200 “Chef’s Table Thanksgiving” meal kit available from sister meal delivery plans Sunbasket and Gobble.

The spread from Sunbasket was vast and generous. The table contained a nearly 3-pound roast of turkey, mounds of mashed potato, pebbled cranberry compote, roasted carrots dressed in miso-sage butter, brussels sprouts dappled with pecorino romano and pancetta, an endless platter of fennel-apple-sausage-stuffing, Gruyère black-pepper biscuits caked more than an inch tall, a tureen of deep brown turkey gravy, a ginger apple crisp waiting in the wings.

Sunbasket is among a new bounty of meal kit companies that aim to ease the stress of the holidays by doing the planning and the shopping for you—big meal boxes tailor-made for those who still want to make a home-cooked meal but for whom the prospect of planning a vast and complicated feast is prohibitive. In fact, two weeks later I cooked another Thanksgiving meal from Blue Apron, this time for my sister’s family.

Here was my experience with Sunbasket and Blue Apron—and some of the other Thanksgiving meal delivery options to get your whole Thanksgiving meal delivered to your home.

Want meal kits for more everyday occasions? See WIRED’s guides to the best meal delivery services, and the best plant-based meal delivery kits.

The Blue Apron à la Carte Thanksgiving (and Holiday) Meal Kit

Available till December 29. Order by November 19 to ensure delivery by Thanksgiving.

  • Photograph: Matthew Korfhage

  • Photograph: Matthew Korfhage

  • Photograph: Matthew Korfhage

  • Photograph: Matthew Korfhage

Blue Apron

Thanksgiving and Holiday Meal Delivery

Blue Apron, one of the OG meal kits in the US, has undergone a wholesale transformation this year. One of the biggest changes is that subscriptions are no longer required, and à la carte meal ordering is possible—indeed, it’s now my favorite no-subscription meal kit offering. What this means is that for this Thanksgiving, you can order individual Thanksgiving recipe kits to prep fresh at home, without ever setting foot in a crowded grocery store.

That means roasted grape and goat cheese salad ($12), a big ol’ turkey breast with gravy and cranberry sauce ($50), rosemary herb stuffing ($15), a truly excellent casserole worth of truffle-oiled Southern mac and cheese ($20), almond apple crumb pie ($15), brown butter mashed potatoes ($8), challah rolls with maple ($8) and roasted brussels sprouts with pistachios, ($10). I made all of these recipes for my sister’s family and our parents, a little early this year—and it was a surprisingly delicious feast fit for at least eight people. Probably even 10, if you add an extra order of mashed potatoes.



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The Best Binoculars Will Help You Find the Ivory Billed Woodpecker

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The Best Binoculars Will Help You Find the Ivory Billed Woodpecker


You get good magnification, with a waterproof (IPX7 rating) and fogproof design in a lightweight package (11.8 ounces). These also have two things that specifically make them great for kids: rugged construction and a nice, rubberized grip. I can’t tell you how many trees and rocks these have bashed into while around my son’s neck, and they’re still as good as new.

Stargazing Binoculars

Photograph: Celestron

When you think stargazing you probably think telescopes, but binoculars can work too, especially larger, higher-magnification models like these Celestron Skymasters. The first thing to know is that these are huge—most of the time you’ll want to use them with a tripod, which is not included in the price (they do include an adapter, which I used to put them on a photo tripod, which worked fine). The Porro prism design (see above), with 15x magnification and 70mm objective lenses, make these nice and bright, perfect for getting good views of the moon. They also work for larger clusters and nebulae. They do work for birding as well, but it’s more like using a spotting scope. They’re nice for digiscoping, though if you’re viewing something reasonably stationary, like water birds.

As with all Celestron binos there’s a nice big, smooth focusing knob, and they also have long eye relief which makes them easy to use with glasses. There is a fair bit of chromatic aberration, especially with bright stars or the moon, but I didn’t find it distracting. In fact, for the price, these provide surprisingly great views.

Image-Stabilizing Binoculars

Image-stabilized binoculars use electronics to smooth out your view, similar to what action cams do to get rid of jittery video. There are quite a few models out there, and we are still testing, but here are a few that have stood out from the pack so far.

Overhead view of a hand holding the black Canon 8x20 Binoculars, more bulbous toward the front and tapering inward toward each eye-facing end.

Photograph: Caramel Quin

Canon

8×20 Image Stabilization Binoculars

Image-stabilized binoculars tend to be expensive, but Canon has quite a few budget models worth considering. They’re simple to use. You just tap the button on top for five minutes of stabilization, or tap again to turn it off sooner. The tech detects your movement and adjusts for it optically, in real-time. The Canon 8×20 IS, its smallest, is doubly pocket-friendly: They’re surprisingly affordable and fit in a large pocket. At 15-ounce plus battery, they won’t weigh you down.
The 8X magnification is good for wildlife and sports, as is the 10X magnification of the only slightly larger Canon 10×20 IS. The 6.6-degree field of view is narrow but wide enough for most situations.



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Ransomware resilience may be improving in the health sector | Computer Weekly

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Ransomware resilience may be improving in the health sector | Computer Weekly


In a possibly encouraging sign that cyber messaging is cutting through among healthcare providers, the sector appears to be becoming increasingly resilient to ransomware and cyber extortion, with fewer victims experiencing data encryption, fewer paying up and average time to recovery dropping according to a new Sophos report.

Based on global data collected by Vanson Bourne for a wider study, Sophos found that that this year, just 36% of victims in the healthcare industry paid a ransom, down from 61% in 2022, and over half of those that paid handed over less than what was demanded of them.

Demands from ransomware gangs also plummeted during the observed period, down 91% to $343,000 (£260,800) on average this year, with average payments dropping from $1.47m to just $150,000, the lowest of any sector reported in the wider dataset.

The mean cost of recovery – excluding any ransoms – was also down by 60% to $1.02m. And 58% of healthcare respondents said they recovered within a week, a strong improvement from 21% last year.

“It’s … encouraging to see signs of stronger resilience. In the study, nearly 60% of providers reported they recovered within one week, up from just 21% last year, which reflects real progress in preparedness and recovery planning. In a sector where downtime directly affects patient care, faster recovery is critical, but prevention remains the ultimate goal,” said Alexandra Rose, director at the Sophos Counter Threat Unit (CTU) – formerly a Secureworks unit.

However, improvement against some metrics should not be taken as a sign that the ransomware ecosystem is dwindling or the threat landscape becoming any less volatile; ransomware remains as pervasive a threat as ever and the healthcare sector is no more or less immune than any other.

“Healthcare continues to face steady and persistent ransomware activity. Over the past year, Sophos X-Ops identified 88 different groups targeting healthcare organisations, showing that even moderate levels of threat activity can have serious consequences,” said Rose.

In the past 12 months, the X-Ops team said that the most prominent ransomware gangs targeting the health industry were Qilin, INC Ransom and RansomHub – which it tracks as Gold Feather, Gold Ionic and Gold Hubbard respectively.

The data also reveal that although data encryption from ransomware has dropped to its lowest level since 2020, with only a third of attacks resulting in this scenario, the proportion of healthcare providers hit by extortion-only attacks, where data is not encrypted but rather stolen and a ransom demanded has tripled to 12% of attacks this year, from 4% a couple of years ago. The Cl0p/Clop gang, which last week claimed to have conducted a ransomware attack against an unspecified NHS body, is a great exponent of this tactic.

Root causes

Sophos’ data also reveal some insight into the root causes of cyber extortion and ransomware attacks in the healthcare industry, finding that for the first time since 2022, exploited vulnerabilities were the most common technical cause, seen in 33% of incidents, overtaking credential-based attacks, which topped the list in 2023 and 2024.

Respondents also described “multiple organisational factors” that contributed to their falling victim to such attacks, with 42% describing a lack of suitably qualified cyber security people or overall capacity, and 41% describing known but unaddressed security gaps.



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