Tech
Sweat-powered sticker turns your drinking cup into a health sensor
A team of engineers at the University of California San Diego has developed an electronic sticker that can monitor a person’s vitamin C levels using the sweat from their fingertips—no blood draws, lab visits or batteries required. The flexible sticker, which attaches to the outside of a drinking cup, collects trace amounts of sweat as a person grips the cup. Within minutes, the system harvests enough power from the sweat to analyze it for vitamin C and wirelessly sends the results to a nearby laptop.
Details about the device are published in Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
“By turning everyday objects like cups or bottles into smart sensors, people can gain real-time insights into their health and wellness without changing a thing about their daily routine,” said study co-senior author Patrick Mercier, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.
“We’re moving toward a future of ‘unawareables’—devices that are unobtrusive and essentially invisible so that you are unaware that you’re even using them. You just go about your day and your drinking cup can give you access to all this rich information.”
Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies continue to affect millions of people worldwide. While vitamin C plays a key role in immune function, tissue repair and iron absorption, testing for it currently requires blood draws, specialized laboratory equipment and costs around $50 per test in the U.S. These barriers make frequent monitoring impractical for many people.

The new sticker offers a simple, convenient and low-cost alternative. Built on a flexible, adhesive polymer sheet, the system integrates screen-printed electronic components. A porous hydrogel pad mounted on the sticker collects sweat from the fingertips. A built-in biofuel cell converts chemicals in the sweat into electricity, which powers a custom printed circuit board and the vitamin C sensor. The circuit board reads signals from the vitamin C sensor and wirelessly transmits the data via Bluetooth low energy.
“Most people only get a snapshot of their health once a year at the doctor. But our bodies change much more frequently than that,” Mercier said. “We want to make access to health data as frequent and effortless as holding your morning coffee cup or orange juice bottle.”
Another special feature of the sticker is that it generates power without requiring physical exertion from the user. Fingertips, despite their small size, are among the body’s most prolific sweat producers—each is packed with over a thousand sweat glands and can produce between 100 and 1,000 times more sweat than most other areas on the body. This steady trickle of natural perspiration provides a continuous energy source that allows the sticker to operate even when the user is at rest.
Because the system is battery-free, it can be manufactured at low cost—potentially for just a few cents per unit. Its affordability could also make future versions of the system disposable and widely accessible, particularly in low-resource areas.
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Study co-first author Muhammad Inam Khan, a nano engineering Ph.D. student at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, demonstrates fingertip placement on the sticker while gripping a boba drink. Three fingertips rest on the arched biofuel cell (left) while the tip of the middle finger rests on the vitamin C sensor (right). Credit: David Baillot/UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering
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Study co-first author Ryan Burns, an electrical and computer engineering Ph.D. student at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, uses the sticker on a cup filled with orange juice. Credit: David Baillot/UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering
The work is a collaboration between the labs of Mercier and Joseph Wang, a professor in the Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering. It builds on wearable technologies that Wang’s lab has pioneered—including tattoo-like biochemical sensors and fingertip-power wearables—along with ultra-low power, battery-free wireless systems developed in Mercier’s lab.
In tests, the device was stuck onto a disposable drinking cup and accurately tracked changes in vitamin C levels after participants took a supplement or drank orange juice. The device powered itself for more than two hours using only sweat-derived energy.
“This is an elegant extension of our early fingertip sweat-based technology toward effortless, continuous monitoring of personal nutrition and health,” said Wang, one of the study’s co-senior authors. “By moving sensors from the skin to the surface of everyday objects like cups or bottles, we are expanding what wearable technology can be.”
The team plans to expand the technology to measure additional nutrients and biochemicals. Future versions could send readings directly to smartphones or smartwatches to provide more seamless, real-time tracking of personal health data throughout the day.
Co-authors of the study include Muhammad Inam Khan, Ryan Burns, Akshit Agarwal, Lu Yin, Jongmin Moon, Bumsik Choi, Shichao Ding and Tamoghna Saha, all at UC San Diego.
More information:
Muhammad Inam Khan et al, A smart cup for wireless, biofuel-powered, sweat-based vitamin C sensing, Biosensors and Bioelectronics (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2025.118100
Citation:
Sweat-powered sticker turns your drinking cup into a health sensor (2025, November 10)
retrieved 10 November 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-powered-sticker-cup-health-sensor.html
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Tech
The Best Presidents’ Day Deals on Gear We’ve Actually Tested
Presidents’ Day Deals have officially landed, and there’s a lot of stuff to sift through. We cross-referenced our myriad buying guides and reviews to find the products we’d recommend that are actually on sale for a truly good price. We know because we checked! Find highlights below, and keep in mind that most of these deals end on February 17.
Be sure to check out our roundup of the Best Presidents’ Day Mattress Sales for discounts on beds, bedding, bed frames, and other sleep accessories. We have even more deals here for your browsing pleasure.
WIRED Featured Deals
Branch Ergonomic Chair Pro for $449 ($50 off)
The Branch Ergonomic Chair Pro is our very favorite office chair, and this price matches the lowest we tend to see outside of major shopping events like Black Friday and Cyber Monday. It’s accessibly priced compared to other chairs, and it checks all the boxes for quality, comfort, and ergonomics. Nearly every element is adjustable, so you can dial in the perfect fit, and the seven-year warranty is solid. There are 14 finishes to choose from.
Tech
Zillow Has Gone Wild—for AI
This will not be a banner year for the real estate app Zillow. “We describe the home market as bouncing along the bottom,” CEO Jeremy Wacksman said in our conversation this week. Last year was dismal for the real estate market, and he expects things to improve only marginally in 2026. (If January’s historic drop in home sales is indicative, that even is overoptimistic.) “The way to think about it is that there were 4.1 million existing homes sold last year—a normal market is 5.5 to 6 million,” Wacksman says. He hastens to add that Zillow itself is doing better than the real estate industry overall. Still, its valuation is a quarter of its high-water mark in 2021. A few hours after we spoke, Wacksman announced that Zillow’s earnings had increased last quarter. Nonetheless, Zillow’s stock price fell nearly 5 percent the next day.
Wacksman does see a bright spot—AI. Like every other company in the world, generative AI presents both an opportunity and a risk to Zillow’s business. Wacksman much prefers to dwell on the upside. “We think AI is actually an ingredient rather than a threat,” he said on the earnings call. “In the last couple years, the LLM revolution has really opened all of our eyes to what’s possible,” he tells me. Zillow is integrating AI into every aspect of its business, from the way it showcases houses to having agents automate its workflow. Wacksman marvels that with Gen AI, you can search for “homes near my kid’s new school, with a fenced-in yard, under $3,000 a month.” On the other hand, his customers might wind up making those same queries on chatbots operated by OpenAI and Google, and Wacksman must figure out how to make their next step a jump to Zillow.
In its 20-year history—Zillow celebrated the anniversary this week—the company has always used AI. Wacksman, who joined in 2009 and became CEO in 2024, notes that machine learning is the engine behind those “Zestimates” that gauge a home’s worth at any given moment. Zestimates became a viral sensation that helped make the app irresistible, and sites like Zillow Gone Wild—which is also a TV show on the HGTV network—have built a business around highlighting the most intriguing or bizarre listings.
More recently, Zillow has spent billions aggressively pursuing new technology. One ongoing effort is upleveling the presentation of homes for sale. A feature called SkyTour uses an AI technology called Gaussian Splatting to turn drone footage into a 3D rendering of the property. (I love typing the words “Gassian Splatting” and can’t believe an indie band hasn’t adopted it yet.) AI also powers a feature inside Zillow’s Showcase component called Virtual Staging, which supplies homes with furniture that doesn’t really exist. There is risky ground here: Once you abandon the authenticity of an actual photo, the question arises whether you’re actually seeing a trustworthy representation of the property. “It’s important that both buyer and seller understand the line between Virtual Staging and the reality of a photo,” says Wacksman. “A virtually staged image has to be clearly watermarked and disclosed.” He says he’s confident that licensed professionals will abide by rules, but as AI becomes dominant, “we have to evolve those rules,” he says.
Right now, Zillow estimates that only a single-digit percentage of its users take advantage of these exotic display features. Particularly disappointing is a foray called Zillow Immerse, which runs on the Apple Vision Pro. Upon rollout in February 2024, Zillow called it “the future of home tours.” Note that it doesn’t claim to be the near-future. “That platform hasn’t yet come to broad consumer prominence,” says Wacksman of Apple’s underperforming innovation. “I do think that VR and AR are going to come.”
Zillow is on more solid ground using AI to make its own workforce more productive. “It’s helping us do our job better,” says Wacksman, who adds that programmers are churning out more code, customer support tasks have been automated, and design teams have shortened timelines for implementing new products. As a result, he says, Zillow has been able to keep its headcount “relatively flat.” (Zillow did cut some jobs recently, but Wacksman says that involved “a handful of folks that were not meeting a performance bar.”)
Tech
Do Waterproof Sneakers Keep the Slosh In or Out? Let WIRED Explain
Running with wet feet, in wet socks, in wet shoes is the perfect recipe for blisters. It’s also a fast track to low morale. Nothing dampens spirits quicker than soaked socks. On ultra runs, I always carry spares. And when faced with wet, or even snowy, mid-winter miles, the lure of weatherproof shoes is strong. Anything that can stem the soggy tide is worth a go, right?
This isn’t as simple an answer as it sounds. In the past, a lot of runners—that includes me—felt waterproof shoes came with too many trade-offs, like thicker, heavier uppers that change the feel of your shoes or a tendency to run hot and sweaty. In general, weatherproof shoes are less comfortable.
But waterproofing technology has evolved, and it might be time for a rethink. Winterized shoes can now be as light as the regular models, breathability is better, and the comfort levels have improved. Brands are also starting to add extra puddle protection to some of the most popular shoes. So it’s time to ask the questions again: Just how much difference does a bit of Gore-Tex really make? Are there still trade-offs for that extra protection? And is it really worth paying the premium?
I spoke to the waterproofing pros, an elite ultra runner who has braved brutal conditions, and some expert running shoe testers. Here’s everything you need to know about waterproof running shoes in 2026. Need more information? Check out our guide to the Best Running Shoes, our guide to weatherproof fabrics, and our guide to the Best Rain Jackets.
Jump To
How Do Waterproof Running Shoes Work?
On a basic level, waterproof shoes add extra barriers between your nice dry socks and the wet world outside. If you’re running through puddles deep enough to breach your heel collars, you’re still going to get wet feet. But waterproof shoes can protect against rain, wet grass, snow, and smaller puddles.
Gore-Tex is probably the most common waterproofing tech in footwear, but it’s not the only solution in town. Some brands have proprietary tech, or you might come across alternative systems like eVent and Sympatex. That GTX stamp is definitely the one you’re most likely to encounter, so here’s how GTX works.
The water resistance comes from a layered system that is composed of a durable water repellent (DWR) coating to the uppers with an internal membrane, along with other details like taped seams, more sealed uppers with tighter woven mesh, gusseted tongues, and higher, gaiter-style heel collars.
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