Tech
The Mysterious Math Behind the Brazilian Butt Lift
In the history of gluteal enhancement, Mexico City stands out. It protrudes. It was here, in 1979, that a plastic surgeon, Mario González-Ulloa, first installed a pair of silicone implants designed specifically for the buttocks. The textbook Body Sculpting with Silicone Implants calls González-Ulloa the “grandfather of buttock augmentation.” The early 2000s saw a new generation of Mexico City buttock transformation luminaries, notably Ramón Cuenca-Guerra. In his 2004 paper “What Makes Buttocks Beautiful?” Cuenca-Guerra laid out four characteristics that “determine attractive buttocks” as well as the five types of “defects,” with strategies for correcting each one. I, for instance, have defect type 5, the “senile buttock.” (González-Ulloa’s depiction of this took the form of charcoal nudes contrasting “the typical ‘happy buttock’”—high, rounded, dimpled—with its counterpart, the low-slung, drooping “sad buttock.”)
While I understand the value of standardizing procedures and setting guidelines for surgical practice, I tripped over Cuenca-Guerra’s methodology. How and by whom had the determinants been determined? Like this: 1,320 photographs of “nude women ages 20 to 35 years, as seen from behind” were presented to a panel of six plastic surgeons, who “pointed out which buttocks they considered attractive and harmonious, and features on which this attractiveness depended.” Oho!
I thought it would be interesting to talk to Cuenca-Guerra about the notion of a visually ideal female figure. As something that could or should be surgically created (or, in the case of the senile buttock, re-created). As something that even exists. I sent an email using the address on a more recent journal paper. There was no reply. Ramón Cuenca-Guerra’s buttocks are in worse shape than mine. He has been dead for some time. I was able to reach a colleague of his, José Luis Daza-Flores. Here was the third generation; just as Cuenca-Guerra had studied under González-Ulloa, Daza-Flores had studied under Cuenca-Guerra, extending the lineage and making Daza-Flores, I guess, “the son of buttock augmentation.”
Daza-Flores collaborated with Cuenca-Guerra on a paper called “Calf Implants,” in which the team did for the lower leg what Cuenca-Guerra had done for the butt: laid out “the anatomical characteristics that make calves look attractive” and the “defects” to be addressed. Here again, plastic surgeons were recruited to judge images—2,600 of them, a vast photographic millipede of female legs.
The paper took an unexpected turn. Referring to a marked-up photograph of a lower leg deemed attractive, the authors tried to show that its measurements conformed to what is known in mathematics as the divine proportion (or golden ratio)—1.6 (I’m rounding it off) to 1. When you divide a line into two parts such that the whole length divided by the long part is equal to the long part divided by the short part, both those ratios will be 1.6 to 1. I found an illustration of the divine proportion on a website called Math Is Fun (and convincing no one). The golden dividing line splits the length such that one chunk is roughly two-thirds and the other is around one-third. The ancient Greeks divided the “ideal” face into similarly proportioned thirds. This was the first time I’d seen the divine proportion applied to a leg.
The paper contained sentences like this: “Seventeen women had thin legs, in the shape of a tube, and a mere 1:1.618 ratio in the A-P and L-L projections.” Though I confess to not grasping the particulars of the discussion, I believe that to be a mathematically precise description of cankles.
OpenAI, Anthropic, and Block have cofounded a new open source organization—the Agentic AI Foundation—to promote standards for artificial intelligence agents.
The three companies are also transferring ownership of some widely used agentic technologies over to the foundation. This includes Anthropic’s Model Context Protocol (MCP), which allows agents to connect and interact; OpenAI’s Agents.md, which lets programs and websites specify rules for coding agents; and Goose, a framework for building agents developed by Block. These technologies were already free to use, but through the new foundation it will be possible for others to contribute to their development.
“MCP is used by many companies, but there are others [who don’t use it],” says Nick Cooper, who leads work on the protocol at OpenAI. Cooper says that making MCP an open standard should encourage developers and companies to embrace it and build systems that integrate agentic AI. “That open interoperability—that open standard—really means that companies can talk across providers, and across agentic systems.”
The Agentic AI Foundation is being created under the Linux Foundation, which oversees development of the widely used open source Linux operating system as well as other projects. The foundation provides legal and technological support for the creation of open source foundations. Other companies who have signed on to the AAIF, beyond the three founding members, include Google, Microsoft, AWS, Bloomberg, and Cloudflare.
The new foundation reflects a nascent shift from chat-based AI systems to greater use of programs that take actions on behalf of users. This kind of agentic AI promises a potentially lucrative new paradigm in which AI agents use the web and negotiate with one another to power all sorts of applications. Consumers may, for example, use AI assistants to buy and book things, while businesses use AI agents to manage transactions and customer interactions.
Srinivas Narayanan, chief technology officer of B2B applications at OpenAI, envisions a time when large numbers of AI agents routinely communicate with one another in the course of business. The AI industry working across the same open standards should help ensure that those interactions happen seamlessly. “Open source is going to play a very big role in how AI is shaped and adopted in the real world,” Narayanan says.
The question of openness seems crucial to AI right now. US companies mostly make money by offering access to powerful closed models through application programming interfaces, or APIs. Meta previously released the weights for its best model, Llama, so that anyone could download and run it, although the company has recently signaled a shift to a more closed approach. A number of Chinese AI companies, including DeepSeek, Alibaba, Moonshot AI, and Z.ai, provide strong open source models that have become popular with developers, startups, and AI researchers. Some worry that this picture could give Chinese firms a big strategic advantage over time.
There’s no way to recharge the ring. Migicovsky says he didn’t want yet another gadget to charge every day, so instead, the Pebble Index has non-rechargeable silver oxide hearing aid batteries designed to last 2 years with average use. Once the device’s battery is nearly dead, users will receive a notification in the app, and the idea is you’ll buy a new Pebble Index—an idea that’s easier to get behind knowing the ring costs just $75, though the price will jump to $99 after the first batch. (You’ll also be able to send your old Index to the company for recycling.)
When your audio is sent to your phone, an open source speech-to-text AI model processes it locally to convert your voice notes to text. Then, an on-device large language model will categorize the audio, deciding whether it’s a reminder, a timer, or a general note. A feed shows all your memory logs, and you scroll through it to find and listen to each clip. None of this data is ever sent to the cloud; it all stays on your phone. “These are your innermost thoughts,” Migicovsky says. “You don’t want to send them anywhere.”
By default, all of your musings with the ring are handled by the Pebble app. So if you had it set a reminder, you’ll get one from the Pebble app. However, you can customize the destination if you prefer to use your own service. If you use the Notion app for notes and tasks, for example, you can set it up so that your reminders and thoughts will be sent there.
Broad Strokes
The open source nature of the Pebble app means there’s no limit to customization. You press and hold the button to log a note, but you can have a single press trigger an action. Migicovsky says he set his to play or pause music, and a double-press switches tracks. But you can set it to take a photo remotely or activate a smart home routine. There will be an actions category in the Pebble app store where folks can publish their custom actions.
Governments should make software companies liable for developing insecure computer code. So says Katie Moussouris, the white hat hacker and security expert who first persuaded Microsoft and the Pentagon to offer financial rewards to security researchers who found and reported serious security vulnerabilities.
Bug bounty schemes have since proliferated and have now become the norm for software companies, with some, such as Apple, offering awards of $2m or more to those who find critical security vulnerabilities.
Moussouris likens security vulnerability research to working for Uber, only with lower pay and less job security. The catch is that people only get paid if they are the first to find and report a vulnerability. Those who put in the work but get results second or third get nothing.
“Intrinsically, it is exploitative of the labour market. You are asking them to do speculative labour, and you are getting something quite valuable out of them,” she says.
Some white hat hackers, motivated by helping people fix security problems, have managed to make a living by specialising in finding medium-risk vulnerabilities that may not pay as well as the high-risk bugs, but are easier to find.
But most security researchers struggle to make a living as bug bounty hunters.
“Very few researchers are capable of finding those elite-level vulnerabilities, and very few of the ones that are capable think it is worth their while to chase a bug bounty. They would rather have a nice contract or a full-time role,” she says.
Ethical hacking comes with legal risks
Its not just the lack of a steady income. Security researchers also face legal risks from anti-hacking laws, such as the UK’s Computer Misuse Act and the US’s draconian Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
When Moussouris joined Microsoft in 2007, she persuaded the company to announce that it would not prosecute bounty hunters if they found online vulnerabilities in Microsoft products and reported them responsibly. Other software companies have since followed suit.
The UK government has now recognised the problem and promised to introduce a statutory defence for cyber security researchers who spot and share vulnerabilities to protect them from prosecution.
Another issue is that many software companies insist on security researchers signing a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) before paying them for their vulnerability disclosures.
This flies against the best practices for security disclosures, which Moussouris has championed through the International Standards Organisation (ISO).
When software companies pay the first person to discover a vulnerability a bounty in return for signing an NDA, that creates an incentive for those who find the same vulnerability to publicly disclose it, increasing the risk that a bad actor will exploit it for criminal purposes.
Worse, some companies use NDAs to keep vulnerabilities hidden but don’t take steps to fix them, says Moussouris, whose company, Luta Security, manages and advises on bug bounty and vulnerability disclosure programmes.
“We often see a big pile of unfixed bugs,” she says. “And some of these programmes are well funded by publicly traded companies that have plenty of cyber security employees, application security engineers and funding.”
Some companies appear to regard bug bounties as a replacement for secure coding and proper investment in software testing.
“We are using bug bounties as a stop-gap, as a way to potentially control the public disclosure of bugs, and we are not using them to identify symptoms that can diagnose our deeper lack of security controls,” she adds.
Ultimately, Moussouris says, governments will have to step in and change laws to make software companies liable for errors in their software, in much the same way car manufacturers are responsible for safety flaws in their vehicles.
“All governments have pretty much held off on holding software companies responsible and legally liable, because they wanted to encourage the growth of their industry,” she says. “But that has to change at a certain point, like automobiles were not highly regulated, and then seatbelts were required by law.”
AI could lead to less secure code
The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could make white hat hackers redundant altogether, but perhaps not in a way that leads to better software security.
All of the major bug bounty platforms in the US are using AI to help with the triage of vulnerabilities and to augment penetration testing.
An AI-powered penetration testing platform, XBow, recently topped the bug bounty leaderboard by using AI to focus on relatively easy-to-find vulnerabilities and testing likely candidates in a systematic way to harvest security bugs.
“Once we create the tools to train AI to make it appear to be as good, or better in a lot of cases, than humans, you are pulling the rug out of the market. And then where are we going to get the next bug bounty expert?” she asks.
The current generation of experts with the skills to spot when AI systems are missing something important is in danger of disappearing.
“Bug bounty platforms are moving towards an automated, driverless version of bug bounties, where AI agents are going to take the place of human bug hunters,” she says.
Unfortunately, it’s far easier for AI to find software bugs than it is to use AI to fix them. And companies are not investing as much as they should in using AI to mitigate security risks.
“We have to figure out how to change that equation very quickly. It is easier to find and report a bug than it is for AI to write and test a patch,” she says.
Bug bounties have failed
Moussouris, a passionate and enthusiastic advocate of bug bounty schemes, is the first to acknowledge that bug bounty schemes have, in one sense, failed.
Some things have improved. Software developers have shifted to better programming languages and frameworks that make it harder to introduce particular classes of vulnerability, such as cross-site scripting errors.
But there is, she suggests, too much security theatre. Companies still address faults because they are visible, but hold off fixing things that the public can’t see, or use non-disclosure agreements to buy silence from researchers to keep vulnerabilities from the public.
Moussouris believes that AI will ultimately take over from human bug researchers, but says the loss of expertise will damage security.
The world is on the verge of another industrial revolution, but it will be bigger and faster than the last industrial revolution. In the 19th century, people left agriculture to work long hours in factories, often in dangerous conditions for poor wages.
As AI takes over more tasks currently carried out by people, unemployment will rise, incomes will fall and economies risk stagnation, Moussouris predicts.
The only answer, she believes, is for governments to tax AI companies and use the proceeds to provide the population with a universal basic income (UBI). “I think it has to, or literally there will be no way for capitalism to survive,” she says. “The good news is that human engineering ingenuity is still intact for now. I still believe in our ability to hack our way out of this problem.”
Growing tensions between governments and bug bounty hunters
The work of bug bounty hunters has also been impacted by moves to require software technology companies to report vulnerabilities to governments before they fix them.
It began with China in 2021, which required tech companies to disclose new vulnerabilities within 48 hours of discovery.
“It was very clear that they were going to evaluate whether or not they were going to use vulnerabilities for offensive purposes,” says Moussouris.
In 2020, the European Union (EU) introduced the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), which introduced similar disclosure obligations, ostensibly to allow European government to prepare their cyber defences.
Moussouris is a co-author of the ISO standard on vulnerability disclosure. One of its principles is to limit the knowledge of security bugs to the smallest number of people before they are fixed.
The EU argues that its approach will be safe because it is not asking for a deep technical explanation of the vulnerabilities, nor is it asking for proof-of-concept code to show how vulnerabilities can be exploited.
But that misses the point, says Moussouris. Widening the pool of people with access to information about vulnerabilities will make leaks more likely and raises the risk that criminal hackers or hostile nation-states will exploit them for crime or espionage.
Risk from hostile nations
Moussouris does not doubt that hostile nations will exploit the weakest links in government bug notification schemes to learn new security exploits. If they are already using those vulnerabilities for offensive hacking, they will be able to cover their tracks.
“I anticipate there will be an upheaval in the threat intelligence landscape because our adversaries absolutely know this law is going to take effect. They are certainly positioning themselves to learn about these things through the leakiest party that gets notified,” she says.
“And they will either start targeting that particular software, if they weren’t already, or start pulling back their operations or hiding their tracks if they were the ones using it. It’s counterproductive,” she adds.
Moussouris is concerned that the US will likely follow the EU by introducing its own bug reporting scheme. “I am just holding my breath, anticipating that the US is going to follow, but I have been warning them against it.”
The UK’s equities programme
In the UK, GCHQ regulates government use of security vulnerabilities for spying through a process known as the equities scheme.
That involves security experts weighing up whether the UK would place its own critical systems at risk if it failed to notify software suppliers of potential exploits against the potential value of the exploit for gathering intelligence.
The process has a veneer of rationality, but it falls down because, in practice, government experts can have no idea how widespread vulnerabilities are in the critical national infrastructure. Even large suppliers like Microsoft have trouble tracking where their own products are used.
“When I was working at Microsoft, it was very clear that while Microsoft had a lot of visibility into what was deployed in the world, there were tonnes of things out there that they wouldn’t know about until they were exploited,” she says.
“The fact that Microsoft, with all its telemetry ability to know where its customers are, struggled means there is absolutely no way to gauge in a reliable way how vulnerable we are,” she adds.
Kate Moussouris spoke to Computer Weekly at the SANS CyberThreat Summit.
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