Politics
Inside India’s RSS, the legion of Hindu ultranationalists

NAGPUR: Brandishing bamboo sticks and chanting patriotic hymns, thousands of uniformed men parade in central India, a striking show of strength by the country’s millions-strong Hindu ultranationalist group.
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh — the National Volunteer Organisation, or RSS — marked its 100th anniversary this month with a grand ceremony at its headquarters in Nagpur.
AFP was one of a handful of foreign media outlets granted rare access to the group, which forms the ideological and organisational backbone of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), in power since 2014.
Like the 75-year-old prime minister, critics accuse it of eroding the rights of India’s Muslim minority and undermining the secular constitution.
At the parade, RSS volunteers in white shirts, brown trousers and black hats marched, boxed and stretched in time to shrill whistles and barked orders.
“Forever I bow to thee, loving Motherland! Motherland of us Hindus!” they sang, in a scene that evoked paramilitary drills of the past.
“May my life […] be laid down in thy cause!”
‘Proud’
Hindus make up around 80% of India’s 1.4 billion people.
Founded in 1925, the RSS calls itself “the world’s largest organisation”, though it does not give membership figures.
At the heart of its vision is “Hindutva” — the belief that Hindus represent not only a religious group but are India’s true national identity.

“They are willing to fight against those who will come in their way […] that means minorities, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and other Hindus who do not subscribe to the idea,” historian Mridula Mukherjee said.
RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat uses softer language, saying that minorities were accepted but that they “should not cause division”.
Anant Pophali, 53, said three generations of his family had been involved with the group. “The RSS made me proud to be an Indian,” the insurance company worker said.
Bloody origins
The RSS was formed during the imperial rule of the British. But it diverged sharply from that of independence efforts by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Party, whose leader Jawaharlal Nehru considered them “fascist by nature”.
Mukherjee said archives showed “a link between the RSS and fascist movements in Europe”.
“They have said, very clearly, that the way the Nazis were treating the Jews should be the way our own minorities should be treated,” she told AFP.
The RSS does not comment directly on such parallels, but Bhagwat insisted that “today we are more acceptable”.

The RSS was an armed Hindu militia during the bloody 1947 partition of India and the creation of Muslim-majority Pakistan.
Hindu extremists blamed Gandhi for breaking India apart. A former RSS member assassinated him in 1948, and the group was banned for nearly two years.
But the RSS rebuilt quietly, focusing on local units known as “shakhas” to recruit. Today, it claims 83,000 of them nationwide, as well as over 50,000 schools and 120,000 social welfare projects.
At a shakha in Nagpur, Alhad Sadachar, 49, said the unit was “meant to develop togetherness”.

“You can get a lot of good energy, a lot of good values, like helping those in need”, he said.
At a shaka that AFP was allowed to attend, dozens of members — many middle-aged or elderly, and not in uniform — gathered for an hour of calisthenics and song.
But in a show of symbolism, they congregated beneath a saffron flag — the colour of Hinduism — rather than India’s tricolour.
‘A country that is one’
The RSS remains deeply political. The group re-emerged in the late 1980s, spearheading a movement that ended with a violent mob demolishing a centuries-old mosque in Ayodhya — now replaced by a gleaming temple to the Hindu god Rama.
“That was the turning point,” said Mukherjee, the historian, adding that the RSS was “able to create a mass mobilisation on religious issues, that became at its heart clearly anti-Muslim”.
The group helped deliver Modi’s BJP party an electoral landslide in 2014.
Since then, Modi — a former RSS “pracharak”, or organiser — has pursued policies that critics say marginalise India’s estimated 220 million Muslims, 15% of the population.
“There has been a clear increase in terms of violence, lynching and hate speech since Modi has taken over,” said Raqib Hameed Naik, director of the US-based Centre for the Study of Organised Hate.
RSS leaders deny it has participated in atrocities. “Those allegations are baseless,” Bhagwat said.

“Atrocities were never done by the RSS. And if it happens anyway, I condemn that.”
Under Modi, it has expanded its reach.”The RSS has been able to stir Indian society in a direction that is more nationalistic, less liberal in a Western sense,” said Swapan Dasgupta, a former nationalist parliamentarian.
But volunteer Vyankatesh Somalwar, 44, said the group only pushed “good values”.
“The most important thing is to contribute to your country,” he said. “A country that is one, above all.”
Politics
Zelensky reveals US-Ukraine plan to end Russian war, key questions remain

- Moscow reviewing 20-point plan but may not accept territorial terms.
- Plan allows partial troop withdrawals, establishment of demilitarised zones.
- Zelensky admits there are points in plan he does not fully agree with.
KYIV: Ukraine won some concessions in the latest version of a US-led draft plan to end the Russian invasion, revealed by President Volodymyr Zelensky, though key questions remain over territory and whether Moscow could accept the new terms.
The 20-point plan, agreed on by US and Ukrainian negotiators, was being reviewed by Moscow, but the Kremlin is unlikely to abandon its hardline territorial demands for full Ukrainian withdrawal from the east.
Zelensky conceded there are some points in the document that he does not like, but Kyiv has succeeded in removing immediate requirements for Ukraine to withdraw from the Donetsk region or that land seized by Moscow’s army would be recognised as Russian.
Nevertheless, the Ukrainian leader still indicated the proposal would pave the way for Kyiv to pull some troops back, including from the 20 percent of the Donetsk region that it controls, where demilitarised zones would be established.
It also got rid of demands that Kyiv must legally renounce its bid for Nato membership.
Zelensky presented the plan during a two-hour briefing with journalists, reading from a highlighted and annotated version.
“In the Donetsk, Lugansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions, the line of troop deployment as of the date of this agreement is de facto recognised as the line of contact,” Zelensky said of the latest version.
“A working group will convene to determine the redeployment of forces necessary to end the conflict, as well as to define the parameters of potential future special economic zones,” he added.
This appears to suggest the plan opens the way for, but delays, options that Ukraine was previously reluctant to consider — a withdrawal of troops and the creation of demilitarised zones.
“We are in a situation where the Russians want us to withdraw from the Donetsk region, while the Americans are trying to find a way,” Zelensky said.
“They are looking for a demilitarised zone or a free economic zone, meaning a format that could satisfy both sides,” he continued.
Nato, land, nuclear plant
US President Trump is trying to broker an to end the four-year war, triggered by Russia’s 2022 invasion.
Tens of thousands have been killed, eastern Ukraine decimated, and millions forced to flee their homes.
Russian troops are advancing on the front and hammering cities and Ukraine’s energy grid with nightly missile and drone barrages. The defence ministry on Wednesday said it had captured another Ukrainian settlement in the southern Zaporizhzhia region.
Moscow in 2022 claimed to have annexed four Ukrainian regions — Donetsk, Kherson, Lugansk, and Zaporizhzhia — in addition to the Crimean peninsula, which it seized in 2014.
In Moscow, President Vladimir Putin has shown no willingness to compromise, doubling down on his hardline demands for a sweeping Ukrainian withdrawal and a string of political concessions that Kyiv and its European backers have previously cast as capitulation.
Any plan that involves Ukraine pulling back its troops would need to pass a referendum in Ukraine, Zelensky said.
“A free economic zone. If we are discussing this, then we need to go to a referendum,” Zelensky said, referring to plans to designate areas Ukraine pulls out from as a demilitarised free trade zone.
On Nato, Zelensky said: “It is the choice of Nato members whether to have Ukraine or not. Our choice has been made. We moved away from the proposed changes to the Constitution of Ukraine that would have prohibited Ukraine from joining Nato.”
Nevertheless, the prospects of Ukraine being admitted to the bloc appear slim-to-none, as it has been ruled out by Washington.
Moscow has repeatedly said Nato membership for Ukraine is unacceptable, presenting it as one of the reasons it invaded in the first place.
The plan sees joint US-Ukrainian-Russian management of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, occupied by Russian troops. Zelensky said he does not want any Russian oversight of the facility.
He also said Ukraine would hold presidential elections only after an agreement is signed — something both Putin and Trump have been pushing for.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters Moscow was “formulating its position” and declined to comment on the specifics of the latest plan.
Russian officials have repeatedly criticised European and Ukrainian efforts to amend an original US plan that enshrined many of its demands.
Direct talks between Russian and Ukrainian negotiators earlier this year in Istanbul failed to break the deadlock and despite the flurry of diplomacy, the positions of the two countries appear to still be far apart.
Politics
Bangladesh political heavyweight Tarique Rahman to end exile

- Rahman serves as acting chairman of BNP.
- Political scion expected to take reins from Khaleda Zia.
- Rahman acquitted of most serious charge.
The heir to Bangladesh’s longtime ruling family and a leader of its most powerful political party, Tarique Rahman is set to return home after 17 years in exile and ahead of key elections.
Rahman, 60, an aspiring prime minister who has lived in London since he fled Bangladesh in 2008 over what he called a politically motivated persecution, is due to arrive in Dhaka on Thursday.
Acting chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), he is expected to take the reins from his ailing mother, 80-year-old former prime minister Khaleda Zia.
Despite years of ill health and imprisonment, Zia vowed in November to campaign in the February 12, 2026 elections.
But she was hospitalised soon after that pledge, and she has been in intensive care ever since.
The elections will be the first since a mass uprising last year ended the 15-year hardline rule of Sheikh Hasina, who was at odds with the BNP.
Since Hasina’s fall from power, Rahman has been acquitted of the most serious charge against him: a life sentence handed down in absentia for a 2004 grenade attack on a Hasina rally. He had denied the charges.
BNP secretary general Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir has promised Rahman will “arrive among us on the soil of Dhaka” on December 25, which he said will be a “fantastic day.”
Rahman, often pictured beside his mother on BNP banners, has long been groomed for leadership.
In June, he met in London with Muhammad Yunus, the 85-year-old Nobel Peace Prize winner leading the interim government until the February elections.
Violent politics
Rahman, known in Bangladesh as Tarique Zia, carries a political name that has defined his life.
Born in 1967 when the country was still East Pakistan, he was briefly detained as a child during the 1971 war. The BNP hails him as “one of the youngest prisoners of war”.
His father, Ziaur Rahman, was an army commander.
Ziaur Rahman gained influence months after a 1975 coup in which Sheikh Hasina’s father — founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was murdered.
That fuelled lifelong tensions between the Zia and Hasina families, dubbed the “Battle of the Begums” — “begum” meaning a powerful woman.
Ziaur Rahman was assassinated when his son was 15.
The younger Rahman grew up in his mother’s political orbit, as Zia went on to become the country’s first female prime minister, alternating her terms in power with Hasina.
Rahman briefly studied international relations at Dhaka University before entering politics at 23, joining the BNP in its fight against military ruler Hussain Muhammad Ershad, according to his party.
‘Unnerves many’
Still, Rahmans’ career has been dogged by allegations of nepotism and mismanagement.
A 2006 US embassy cable described him as the BNP’s “heir apparent” who “inspires few but unnerves many”.
Other cables labelled him a “symbol of kleptocratic government and violent politics” and accused him of being “phenomenally corrupt” — claims he rejected as politically motivated.
Rahman was arrested on corruption charges in 2007 and claimed he was tortured in custody.
Reports suggested his release was conditional on leaving politics. Freed later that year, he flew to London in 2008 for medical treatment and never returned.
After Hasina swept to power in 2008, her government jailed tens of thousands of BNP members.
In 2018, Rahman was again sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment for allegedly orchestrating the 2004 attack on Hasina’s rally — a case the BNP called a bid to eliminate the Zia dynasty from politics.
In Britain, he kept a low profile alongside his wife, a cardiologist, and their daughter.
Since Hasina’s ouster, Rahman emerged as an outspoken figure on social media and a rallying point for BNP supporters.
Politics
Libyan army’s chief dies in plane crash near Ankara

The Libyan army’s chief of staff, Mohammed Ali Ahmed Al-Haddad, died in a plane crash after leaving Turkiye capital Ankara, the prime minister of Libya’s internationally recognised government said, adding that four others were on the jet as well.
“This followed a tragic and painful incident while they were returning from an official trip from the Turkish city of Ankara.
This grave loss is a great loss for the nation, for the military institution, and for all the people,” Libyan Prime Minister Abdulhamid Dbeibah said in a statement.
He said the commander of Libya’s ground forces, the director of its military manufacturing authority, an adviser to the chief of staff, and a photographer from the chief of staff’s office were also on the aircraft.
Platform X that the plane had taken off from Ankara’s Esenboga Airport at 1710 GMT en route to Tripoli, and that radio contact was lost at 1752 GMT.
He said authorities found the plane’s wreckage near the Kesikkavak village in Ankara’s Haymana district.
He added that the Dassault Falcon 50-type jet had made a request for an emergency landing while over Haymana, but that no contact was established.
The cause of the crash was not immediately clear.
Turkiye’s defence ministry had announced Haddad’s visit earlier, saying he had met with Turkish Defence Minister Yasar Guler and Turkish counterpart Selcuk Bayraktaroglu, along with other Turkish military commanders.
The crash occurred a day after Turkiye’s parliament passed a decision to extend the mandate of Turkish soldiers’ deployment in Libya by two more years.
Nato member Turkiye has militarily and politically supported Libya’s Tripoli-based, internationally recognised government.
In 2020, it sent military personnel there to train and support its government and later reached a maritime demarcation accord, which has been disputed by Egypt and Greece.
In 2022, Ankara and Tripoli also signed a preliminary accord on energy exploration, which Egypt and Greece also oppose.
However, Turkiye has recently switched course under its “One Libya” policy, ramping up contacts with Libya’s eastern faction as well.
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