Business
ADB investment puts Pakistan Railways back on track | The Express Tribune
KARACHI:
Pakistan’s railway sector, long described as the backbone of national connectivity, is again moving to the forefront of policy debates as the government turns to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for support.
Years of underinvestment, safety lapses, and the stalling of promised Chinese funds have left Pakistan Railways in a precarious state, forcing policymakers to look elsewhere. Officials confirm that Islamabad is seeking a $2 billion package from the ADB to begin long-awaited modernisation works, most notably on the Karachi-to-Peshawar Main Line-1 (ML-1) route.
The development comes at a time when fiscal pressures, declining freight revenues, and growing competition from road transport have left the railways struggling to perform their role as a cost-effective logistics provider.
Once considered a symbol of national pride, Pakistan Railways now carries around 70 million passengers annually but operates on outdated tracks and antiquated signaling systems. The freight side of operations, which used to generate the bulk of revenue in the 1960s, has collapsed to less than a tenth of overall business, pushing industry and traders onto highways.
This shift has come at a steep cost: logistics expenses in Pakistan are estimated to be about 35% higher than the South Asian regional average, eroding export competitiveness and putting pressure on sectors such as textiles and agriculture. The decaying system has also reduced safety, with derailments and breakdowns becoming more common, further weakening public trust in rail travel.
The ML-1 project has been on the table for years under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), initially tagged at $6.8 billion but now estimated to exceed $9 billion due to repeated delays and cost escalations. China had long been expected to bankroll the project as part of its Belt and Road Initiative, but its disbursements have slowed dramatically amid Pakistan’s worsening fiscal situation and Beijing’s own economic recalibrations.
The ADB’s decision to intervene, therefore, represents more than just a financial transaction. It reflects Islamabad’s growing reliance on multilateral lenders at a time when bilateral commitments have become uncertain. Analysts suggest the shift also diversifies Pakistan’s options and reduces overdependence on a single source of funding.
The proposed ADB package would target three areas: rehabilitation of ML-1 to allow faster and safer travel, development of a dedicated freight corridor to take pressure off highways, and the introduction of digital systems to monitor and secure railway operations. If executed properly, these changes could enable passenger trains to run at up to 160 kilometres per hour, cut travel time on key routes nearly by half, and encourage a revival of rail-based logistics.
Exporters, especially in the textile sector that accounts for nearly 60% of Pakistan’s exports, see in this a chance to reduce delays and cut costs associated with moving goods to Karachi Port. Improved connectivity between port cities and inland hubs such as Faisalabad and Multan could also enhance Pakistan’s role as a trade corridor linking South Asia with Central Asia.
Economists argue that the benefits go far beyond efficiency. Infrastructure investment of this scale has a multiplier effect, which generates tens of thousands of construction jobs and stimulates industries such as steel, cement, and services. A stronger railway backbone would also reduce the environmental toll of excessive trucking, lowering fuel consumption and emissions.
In a country where energy imports weigh heavily on the balance of payments, the savings could be significant. For passengers, meanwhile, modernised trains and safer systems would restore confidence in a service many have abandoned in favour of buses or private transport.
Pakistan’s external debt now exceeds $130 billion, much of it owed to multilateral lenders, and the repayment capacity remains a concern. While ADB loans are typically concessional, offering softer terms than commercial borrowing, they still require discipline in implementation.
Critics note that past railway projects have often been marred by inefficiency, corruption, and bureaucratic inertia. Without proper oversight and reform, there is a risk that even low-cost financing could add to the country’s debt burden without delivering transformative results. Transparency advocates are calling for the independent monitoring of funds to ensure they are not wasted.
China’s sidelined role also adds a geopolitical dimension. Over the past decade, Beijing has invested more than $25 billion in Pakistan, largely in energy and infrastructure, but its pace of financing has slowed markedly. Analysts attribute this partly to Pakistan’s fragile fiscal position, which increases repayment risks, and partly to China’s shifting global priorities as its own economy faces headwinds.
Some experts argue that China has not abandoned CPEC altogether but is recalibrating its involvement, focusing on selective projects while encouraging Pakistan to diversify its financing sources. In this context, the ADB’s re-emergence as a key financier could be seen less as a replacement and more as a complement to future Chinese investments.
There are lessons to draw. Bangladesh and India have both secured ADB support for rail and metro upgrades, with visible success in enhancing efficiency and safety. Pakistan has lagged behind, partly because of political instability and partly due to a centralised management structure that has resisted reform.
The ADB’s involvement might serve as leverage for Islamabad to introduce governance changes, open space for private sector participation, and embrace technology-driven solutions. Without such reforms, financial injections alone may not lead to the desired turnaround.
The writer is a member of PEC and holds a Master’s in Engineering
Business
Crude oil prices in focus: OPEC+ increases output by 206,000 bpd amid Middle East tensions – The Times of India
OPEC+ on Sunday announced a higher-than-expected increase in oil production quotas, days after US and Israeli strikes on Tehran triggered Iranian retaliation across the Middle East, according to AFP.The oil producers’ group, which includes Saudi Arabia, Russia and several Gulf states affected by the escalation, said it had “agreed on a production adjustment of 206 thousand barrels per day”.“This adjustment will be implemented in April,” OPEC+ said in a statement.While the cartel did not directly refer to the Iran conflict, it cited “a steady global economic outlook and current healthy market fundamentals” as the rationale behind the output increase.The move comes amid heightened geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, a region critical to global crude oil supply.

The announcement did not directly reference the outbreak of the Iran conflict, instead attributing the decision to “a steady global economic outlook and current healthy market fundamentals”.Before the meeting, analysts had projected a more modest increase of 137,000 barrels per day.However, Jorge Leon, an analyst at Rystad Energy, cautioned that the agreed hike may not be sufficient to offset the potential impact of escalating tensions on crude oil markets.Leon highlighted the risk of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz, a critical waterway through which nearly a quarter of the world’s seaborne oil supplies transit.Iran’s Revolutionary Guards have reportedly contacted vessels to declare the strait closed. Iranian state television on Sunday said an oil tanker attempting to “illegally” pass through the strait was struck and was sinking, broadcasting footage of a burning tanker at sea.“If oil cannot move through Hormuz, an extra 206,000 barrels per day does very little to ease the market,” Leon said, adding that “logistics and transit risk matter more than production targets right now”.He said the OPEC+ move “is unlikely to calm markets”, noting that “prices will respond to developments in the Gulf and the status of shipping flows, not to a relatively small increase in output.”Apart from Russia and Saudi Arabia, the V8 group includes Kuwait, Oman, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates — all of which were targeted by Iranian attacks for a second consecutive day on Sunday. Algeria and Kazakhstan are also part of the group.
Business
Greggs to reveal trading amid pressure from cost of living and weight loss drugs
Greggs is to shed light on demand from customers as the high street bakery chain contends with the rise of weight loss treatments and cost of living pressures on shoppers.
The high street chain is also wrestling with other factors including increases to labour costs and tax changes.
As a result, on Tuesday March 3, Greggs is expected to reveal pre-tax profits of around £173 million for the year to December 27, representing a 9% drop.
In its previous update shortly after Christmas, Greggs pointed to a strong finish to 2025 as sales growth accelerated in the final quarter of the year.
Like-for-like sales growth rose from 1.5% in the third quarter to 2.9% in the final months of 2025.
Totals sales were up 7.4% in the final quarter amid a boost from the group’s continued store opening programme.
The company opened 121 stores last year.
However, analysts at Deutsche Bank said expectations “have already been set low” for 2026 and are “unlikely to change”.
In January, Greggs said it was “cautious but hopeful” about its outlook for 2026, highlighting “subdued” consumer confidence.
Roisin Currie, chief executive of Greggs, also warned alongside its previous update that there was “no doubt” appetite-suppressing medication is having an impact on the bakery chain’s business.
It may provide more detail on how this continues to change customer eating habits.
Meanwhile, the group also announced that inflation was likely to be shallower than last year.
The group increased the price on a number of products and deals last year, so shareholders will also be keen to see how these changes have continued to impact trading.
Aarin Chiekrie, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, said: “Investors are keen to hear how 2026 is shaping up in the early months.
“While the picture on the cost front is beginning to look more favourable, Greggs has plenty of other challenges still to wrestle with.
“Unhelpful changes to tax rules and minimum wages, slowing UK economic growth, and cost-conscious consumers are all weighing on the outlook.”
Business
Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces Confirmed Martyred in US, Israeli Strikes – SUCH TV
Major General Seyed Abdolrahim Mousavi, the Chief of Staff of Iran’s Armed Forces, attained martyrdom in a cowardly Israeli-American aggression on Saturday.
Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, was also martyred in the Saturday aggression, alongside many top-ranking military commanders and defense officials.
Major General Mousavi succeeded Major General Mohammad Bagheri following the 12-day war in June last year and carried forward the remarkable legacy of his predecessor.
He played a particularly vital role in the June 2025 war, leading the Iranian armed forces in their retaliatory operations that forced the Israeli regime to beg for surrender.
Mousavi previously served as the commander-in-chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army and played an instrumental role in bolstering the might of the army.
On August 21, 2017, he was promoted from Brigadier General to Major General and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army by the Leader, replacing Seyed Ataollah Salehi.
Later, on May 28, 2019, Ayatollah Khamenei appointed him as the commander of the Khatam al-Anbia Air Defense Base, while he continued to serve as the army’s top commander.
Mousavi was born in 1960 in the holy city of Qom in central Iran. He was a graduate of the Army’s Ground Forces Officers’ University and held a doctorate in defense studies from the Supreme National Defense University. He joined the Iranian army in 1979.
During the years of the Imposed War in the 1980s, Major General Mousavi served in the Army’s artillery unit on various fronts, including the western battlefields in Kurdistan (28th Kurdistan Division) and the southwestern fronts (33rd Artillery Group of the Ground Forces) in Khuzestan province.
He participated in many operations such as Valfajr 4, Valfajr 9, Beit al-Moqaddas 5, Qader, Nasr, and several others. He is recognized as a veteran of the war.
After the Imposed War ended in 1997, he completed the Advanced Command and Staff Course (DAFOS) and later earned a doctoral degree in defense management at the Supreme National Defense University.
From 1999 to 2005, he served as the Chief of Joint Staff of the Army, and from 2008 to 2016, he was Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Following that, from 2016 to 2017, he held the position of Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces.
Mousavi held several significant leadership positions within Iran’s military. From 1999 to 2005, he served as the Chief of Joint Staff of the Army, later assuming the role of Deputy Commander-in-Chief from 2008 to 2016.
In 2016, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, a position he held until 2017, when he was named Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, a role he held until today.
Additionally, since May 2019, served as the Commander of the Khatam al-Anbia Air Defense Base, further solidifying his central role in the country’s military strategy and operations.
Major General Mousavi also served as the Commander of Imam Ali (PBUH) Officers’ University, where he contributed to the training and development of military personnel.
He also led the Army’s Northeast Operational Base, overseeing strategic operations in the region.
In addition, he was the Deputy for Training and the Deputy for Planning and Programs within the Army Ground Forces, playing a key role in shaping military preparedness and strategy.
Mousavi’s expertise in operations led to his appointment as the Head of Operations for the Army, and later, he became the Director of the Army Strategic Studies Center, where he engaged in high-level research and policy development.
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