Business
Algorithm rush: belated entry into modern trading | The Express Tribune

ISLAMABAD:
When we think of artificial intelligence (AI), our minds often jump to Hollywood blockbusters, imagining futuristic machines from I, Robot or The Terminator. Though the idea of intelligent robots in public assistance roles is still a few years away, AI algorithms already rule the global financial markets as of now.
With intelligent algorithms executing global trade of over $21 billion, human judgement no longer drives price action. Intelligent bots rip through order books in microseconds – exploiting inefficiencies invisible to the naked eye. These machines don’t debate value; they weaponise speed. A single line of code misfiring can erase billions before anyone blinks. Pakistan, meanwhile, is still writing its rulebook. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) has finally realised the importance to regulate algorithmic trade space and is rushing to catch up with a technological revolution that has transformed global finance over the past two decades.
Proponents claim that algorithmic trading removes fallible human emotion from trading decisions and makes markets run more smoothly. However, many algorithms feed off trends from X (formerly Twitter), news headlines and other feeds, which implies they can still be affected by human herd mentality. This often results in amplification of price movements – with a possibility of market crash. In 2012, the US Knight Capital Group went bankrupt after it lost more than $450 million when its AI systems made erroneous orders that couldn’t be undone. Similarly, in 2014, a small over-the-counter trade in Japanese stock market led to an avalanche effect of trades amounting to $617 billion. Similarly, we had pound’s flash crash in 2016 due to rogue computer trades, misjudging market sentiments during Brexit negotiations.
Learning lessons from history, it would be wrong to assume that the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) can handle the surge from algorithmic trading volumes and speeds. We need to forecast potential algorithmic trade scenarios and determine minimum technical requirements for microsecond trading algorithms. This is necessary to avoid system crashes and trading halts. Moreover, it is important to see if we possess adequate oversight capabilities and technical expertise to monitor microsecond trading patterns effectively.
The SECP has recommended to initially restrict algorithmic trading to institutional investors, which while prudent, creates a two-tier market that may disadvantage smaller players permanently. India’s experience shows that retail traders eventually demand access, and often get it through less regulated channels. Similarly, the proposed concept paper by SECP mandates “Initial Conformance Tests” and periodic testing, it lacks detail on stress-testing scenarios. While mandating kill switches, the proposed framework doesn’t specify response times or coordination mechanisms during market-wide disruptions. The 2010 Flash Crash in the US demonstrated that individual kill switches may be insufficient during systemic events.
Before approving any algorithms, the PSX must demonstrate that its systems can handle microsecond trading and massive order flows. The framework should mandate minimum technical standards and redundancies. Secondly, instead of a binary institutional/retail split, it may create a graduated system based on financial sophistication, capital requirements, and risk management capabilities. This could include certified retail traders and smaller institutional players.
Thirdly, the PSX needs to implement comprehensive market surveillance systems capable of detecting manipulation patterns across multiple algorithms and timeframes. The current framework’s emphasis on post-trade analysis may be insufficient.
Pakistan stands at a critical juncture. The global trend towards algorithmic trading is irreversible, and the country cannot afford to remain analogue while regional competitors leverage technological advantages.
India’s messy experience with retail algorithmic trading offers important lessons, but Pakistan’s delayed entry also provides opportunities to learn from others’ mistakes.
The writer is a Cambridge graduate and is working as a strategy consultant
Business
Nepal protests: Social media ban lifted after 19 killed in protests

Nepal has lifted a social media ban, which sparked protests and led to clashes with police that left at least 19 people dead and injured more than 100 others.
In the weeks before the ban, a “nepo kid” campaign, spotlighting the lavish lifestyles of politicians’ children and allegations of corruption, had taken off on social media.
When the government moved to ban 26 social media platforms, including Facebook and YouTube, protests erupted with thousands of young people storming parliament in the capital Kathmandu on Monday. Several districts are now under a curfew.
A government minister said they lifted the ban after an emergency meeting late on Monday night to “address the demands of Gen Z”.
Last week, Nepal’s government ordered authorities to block 26 social media platforms for not complying with a deadline to register with Nepal’s ministry of communication and information technology.
Platforms such as Instagram and Facebook have millions of users in Nepal, who rely on them for entertainment, news and business.
But the government had justified its ban, implemented last week, in the name of tackling fake news, hate speech and online fraud.
Young people who took to the streets on Monday said they were also protesting against what they saw as the authoritarian attitude of the government. Many held placards with slogans including “enough is enough” and “end to corruption”.
Some protesters hurled stones at Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s house in his hometown Damak.
One protester, Sabana Budathoki had earlier told the BBC that the social media ban was “just the reason” they gathered.
“Rather than [the] social media ban, I think everyone’s focus is on corruption,” she explained, adding: “We want our country back. We came to stop corruption.”

On Monday, police in Kathmandu had fired water cannons, batons and rubber bullets to disperse the protesters.
Prime Minister Oli said he was “deeply saddened” by the violence and casualty toll, and blamed the day’s events on “infiltration by various vested interest groups”.
The government would set up a panel to investigate the protests, he said, adding that it would also offer financial “relief” to the families of those who died and free treatment to those injured.
Home Minister Ramesh Lekhak submitted his resignation on Monday evening following intense criticism over his administration’s use of force during the protests.
Business
Badenoch ‘worried’ UK may need IMF bailout

Kemi Badenoch has said she is “really worried” that the UK might be forced to embark on a 1976-style bailout from the International Monetary Fund.
The Conservative leader told BBC Newsnight that the UK could be forced to go “cap in hand” to the IMF unless the government delivers a plan for economic growth.
She made her remarks as she offered to work with Sir Keir Starmer “in the national interest” to cut welfare spending. She said welfare cuts and growth were needed to help the government out of a “doom loop” of rising taxes and precarious public finances.
A Labour Party source said Mrs Badenoch had a “brass neck” for offering such advice, after the Conservative government had “crashed the economy”.
The Labour government of the late prime minister Jim Callaghan was forced to apply for a $3.9bn (£2.9bn) emergency loan from the IMF during the 1976 sterling crisis.
That was seen as a seminal event in post war economic history which severely undermined the economic credibility of the Callaghan government.
Asked what made her think the UK is heading towards the need for an IMF bailout, Badenoch said: “A lot of the indicators are pointing in that direction.
“Many very well respected commentators and economists are saying this.”
A number of economists, mainly on the right, have in recent weeks raised the prospect of a version of the 1976 sterling crisis repeating itself. Other economists have dismissed this as hyperbole.
Andrew Sentance, a former member of the Bank of England Monetary Policy, wrote of “eerie parallels” between the position of the current chancellor and that of the late Denis Healey, chancellor during the 1976 sterling crisis.
But in an article for the Sun last month, Mr Sentance concluded: “The UK may not end up calling in the IMF.”
Governments borrow money from investors by selling bonds – which is a loan the government promises to pay back at the end of an agreed time. The yield on 30-year UK government bonds – which are known as gilts – has been rising for a number of months, although has now fallen back slightly.
Badenoch said there was a “crisis” in UK bond prices.
She pointed to UK borrowing costs hitting a 27-year high last week as “yet another indicator” and stressed “we are not growing enough”.
The Tory leader said: “Labour does not have any plan for growth,” adding: “They thought that as soon as they got into power, things would just work because they’re Labour and they believe in their own righteousness.
“That is not working – they need to get a plan to grow our economy, otherwise we will end up going to the IMF cap in hand.”
Dismissing a suggestion she was talking the country down, she claimed that doing nothing “would be a dereliction of duty on my part” and said was instead offering “an olive branch” to the prime minister to work with him.
“If we do get that sort of crisis because of their bad decisions, we’re all going to suffer,” she said.
“There is no benefit for the opposition party in a country that’s doing badly.
“We want our country to do well and we will work with the national interest to get that.”
The Conservatives have two key demands for working with Sir Keir, which are maintaining the two child benefit cap and slashing welfare, although the Tories did not support the government when Sir Keir was forced to water down the welfare Bill by a backbench rebellion in July.
“I’m sure that we’ll be able to come up with some suggestions, and then if we agree to that – it’s not a blank cheque – but if we can find some agreements, then yes, we’ll support it,” she said of the Bill.
In response to Badenoch’s comments, the Labour Party source said: “Kemi Badenoch’s Conservatives crashed the economy and sent mortgages spiralling. The brass neck Kemi has to think she can offer advice on the economy now is astonishing. The Tories haven’t listened and they haven’t learned.”
Business
New UPI Rules From September 15: Your Transaction Limits Increased To Rs 5 Lakh For THESE Key Categories –Check Full List

New Delhi: National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), the Umbrella Organisation that facilitates UPI Payments, has issued a latest circular announcing a hike in transaction limit for specific categories in UPI.
NPCI has said that Member, Apps and PSPs must ensure the compliance with the same by 15th September 2025.
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On 24 August 2024, NPCI increased the per transaction limits for entities under categories aligned to Tax Payments to 5 lakh. “With UPI emerging as a preferred payment method, there are requirements from the market on extending higher per transaction limits for additional categories of transactions in UPI.
In view of the above the per transaction limits for the mentioned categories are enhanced accordingly along with additional guidelines, said NPCI.
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The enhanced limits shall be applicable for merchants which are categorised as ‘Verified Merchant’. Acquiring member banks are required to ensure that such limit shall be provided to the merchants which are compliant to the NPCI UPI guidelines.
UPI Transaction Limits Increased To Rs 5 Lakh From 15 September– Full List Of Categories
1 | Capital Market | ₹ 5 Lakh | ₹ 10 Lakh |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Insurance | 5 Lakh | 10 Lakh |
3 | Government e-Market Place (EMD Payments) | 5 Lakh | 10 Lakh |
4 | Travel | 5 Lakh | ₹10 Lakh |
5 | Credit Card Bill Payments | 5 Lakh | 6 Lakh |
6 | Collections | 5 Lakh | 10 Lakh |
7 | Business/Merchant (Including Pre-Approved Payments) | 5 Lakh | NA |
8 | Jewellery | ₹ 2 Lakh | 6 Lakh |
10 | FX Retail use case with BBPS Platform | ₹ 5 Lakh | 5 Lakh |
11 | Digital Account Opening for Term Deposits | 5 Lakh | 5 Lakh |
12 | Digital Account Opening – Initial Funding | 2 Lakh | 2 Lakh |
Member banks may continue to be provided the discretion to set their internal limits based on their internal policy, within the overall ceilings prescribed by NPCI. The per transaction limit for P2P shall continue as per the extant guidelines.
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