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Artificial neuron merges DRAM with MoS₂ circuits to better emulate brain-like adaptability

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Artificial neuron merges DRAM with MoS₂ circuits to better emulate brain-like adaptability


Versatile neuron module design. Credit: Nature Electronics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-025-01433-y

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning systems has increased the demand for new hardware components that could speed up data analysis while consuming less power. As machine learning algorithms draw inspiration from biological neural networks, some engineers have been working on hardware that also mimics the architecture and functioning of the human brain.

Brain-inspired, or neuromorphic, hardware typically integrates components that mimic the functioning of brain cells, which are thus referred to as . Artificial neurons are connected to one another, with their connections weakening or strengthening over time.

This process resembles , the ability of the brain to adapt over time in response to experience and learning. By emulating synaptic plasticity, neuromorphic computing systems could run machine learning algorithms more efficiently, consuming less energy when analyzing large amounts of data and making predictions.

Researchers at Fudan University have recently developed a device based on the ultrathin semiconductor monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) that could emulate the adaptability of biological neurons better than other artificial neurons introduced in the past. The new system, introduced in a paper published in Nature Electronics, combines a type of computer memory known as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with MoS₂-based circuits.

“Neuromorphic hardware that accurately simulates diverse neuronal behaviors could be of use in the development of edge intelligence,” Yin Wang, Saifei Gou and their colleagues wrote in their paper.

“Hardware that incorporates synaptic plasticity—adaptive changes that strengthen or weaken synaptic connections—has been explored, but mimicking the full spectrum of learning and memory processes requires the interplay of multiple plasticity mechanisms, including intrinsic plasticity. We show that an integrate-and-fire neuron can be created by combining a dynamic random-access memory and an inverter that are based on wafer-scale monolayer molybdenum disulfide films.”







The evolution of the output spike during the learning process. Credit: Nature Electronics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-025-01433-y

The artificial neuron developed by the researchers has two key components: a DRAM system and an inverter circuit. DRAMs are memory systems that can store electrical charges in structures known as capacitors. The amount of electrical charge in the capacitors can be modulated to mimic variations in the electrical charge across the membrane of biological neurons, which ultimately determine whether they will fire or not.

An inverter, on the other hand, is an that can flip an input signal from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa. In the team’s artificial neuron, this circuit enables the generation of bursts of electricity resembling those observed in biological neurons when they fire.

“In the system, the voltage in the dynamic random-access memory capacitor—that is, the neuronal membrane potential—can be modulated to emulate intrinsic plasticity,” wrote the authors. “The module can also emulate the photopic and scotopic adaptation of the human visual system by dynamically adjusting its light sensitivity.”

To assess the potential of the artificial neuron they created, the researchers fabricated a few and assembled them into a 3 × 3 grid. They then tested the ability of this 3×3 neuron array to adapt its responses to inputs based on changes in light, mimicking how the human visual system adapts in different lighting conditions. Finally, they used their system to run a model for image recognition and assessed its performance.

“We fabricate a 3 × 3 photoreceptor neuron array and demonstrate light coding and visual adaptation,” wrote the authors. “We also use the neuron module to simulate a bioinspired neural network model for image recognition.”

The artificial neuron developed by Wang, Gou and their colleagues has proved to be very promising so far, particularly for the energy-efficient implementation of computer vision and image recognition models. In the future, the researchers could fabricate other bio-inspired computing systems based on the newly developed device and test their performance on other computational tasks.

Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Gaby Clark, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Yin Wang et al, A biologically inspired artificial neuron with intrinsic plasticity based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide, Nature Electronics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-025-01433-y.

© 2025 Science X Network

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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026

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This M5 MacBook Air Discount Has Renewed My Faith in Cheap Laptops for 2026


In a time when almost everything is getting more expensive, this deal on the M5 MacBook Air has me hopeful about how laptop pricing will play out the rest of the year. The M5 MacBook Air has dropped back down to $949, which is $150 off its retail price. It’s only been at this price one other time since the product launched in early March and has more consistently sold for $1,049. As someone who’s reviewed every available MacBook and their strongest competitors, I can unequivocally say that this MacBook Air is one of the very best laptop deals right now.

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MacBook Air (M5, 2026)

Take the Surface Laptop 7th Edition, for example, which has been one of my favorite alternatives to the MacBook Air through all of 2025. It had been at competitive prices with the M4 MacBook Air all along, with both laptops sometimes dropping to as low as $799 during sales events like Prime Day throughout the year. But now, the Surface Laptop has gotten an official price hike due to the RAM shortage and is currently sitting at $1,200. It’s still a laptop I like quite a lot, but at $350 more than a similarly configured M5 MacBook Air, it’s very difficult to recommend.

Or consider the MacBook Neo, Apple’s new budget laptop that also launched in March. While it’s much cheaper overall, it’s only ever been sold for $10 off its full price. At this reduced price for the M5 MacBook Air of $949, that leaves only a dangerously small $260 gap between the Neo and the Air. It’s almost embarrassing how much better the Air is by comparison—in every way imaginable. If you’re curious how these two laptops stack up, I’ve done a comprehensive comparison between them that’s worth checking out. But to put it simply, despite all the excitement (and controversy) around the much cheaper MacBook Neo, the MacBook Air still has the most price flexibility in terms of deals.



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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans

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A Brain Implant for Depression Is About to Be Tested in Humans


The latest brain-computer interface could help people recover from severe depression. Motif Neurotech announced Monday that the US Food and Drug Administration has approved a human study to trial the company’s blueberry-sized brain implant that sits in the skull and delivers electrical stimulation to treat depression.

The Houston-based startup, founded in 2022, is part of a budding industry pursuing technology to read and interpret brain signals. While other companies exploring similar technology, like Elon Musk’s Neuralink, Paradromics, and Synchron, are developing devices to enable paralyzed people to communicate and use computers, Motif is aiming to ease depression in people who have not benefited from medication.

The company’s device is implanted in the skull just above the dura, the brain’s protective membrane. It targets the central executive network, a part of the brain that is responsible for high-level cognitive functions and is underactive in major depressive disorder. The implant emits specific patterns of stimulation to turn “on” this network.

Motif’s device would allow patients to receive therapeutic brain stimulation at home. “Through frequent electrical stimulation, we think we can drive that neuroplasticity that creates stronger connectivity within the central executive network for patients with depression, so that they can get out of bed in the morning, call their friends, go to the gym,” says Jacob Robinson, Motif’s cofounder and CEO.

Courtesy of Motif

Electrical stimulation has been used for decades to treat depression, and Motif’s approach is just the latest iteration. Electroconvulsive or “shock” therapy began in the 1930s and is still used today in cases where patients don’t benefit from antidepressants. Deep brain stimulation, which involves surgically implanting electrodes into the brain, is occasionally used experimentally but is not FDA approved. A much milder form of stimulation known as transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, was approved in 2008. While it can be highly effective, it typically requires a lengthy treatment regimen of five treatments a week for six weeks.

A study from 2021 found that during a 12-month period in the United States, nearly 9 million adults were undergoing treatment for major depressive disorder, and of those, almost 3 million were considered to have treatment-resistant depression, when symptoms do not improve after at least two, and often more, antidepressant medications.

Motif’s device can be implanted in a 20-minute outpatient procedure without the need for brain surgery. It’s powered by wireless magnetoelectric technology that Robinson developed while at Rice University and is charged with a baseball cap that patients will wear when receiving the stimulation.



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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path

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The Man Behind AlphaGo Thinks AI Is Taking the Wrong Path


David Silver gave the world its very first glimpse of superintelligence.

In 2016, an AI program he developed at Google DeepMind, AlphaGo, taught itself to play the famously difficult game of Go with a kind of mastery that went far beyond mimicry.

Silver has since founded his own company, Ineffable Intelligence, that aims to build more general forms of AI superintelligence. The company will do this, Silver says, by focusing on reinforcement learning, which involves AI models learning new capabilities through trial and error. The vision is to create “superlearners” that go beyond human intelligence in many domains.

This approach stands in contrast to how most AI companies plan to build superintelligence, by exploiting the coding and research capabilities of large-language models.

Silver, speaking to WIRED from his office in London, says he thinks this approach will fail. As amazing as LLMs are, they learn from human intelligence—rather than building their own.

“Human data is like a kind of fossil fuel that has provided an amazing shortcut,” Silver says. “You can think of systems that learn for themselves as a renewable fuel—something that can just learn and learn and learn forever, without limit,” he says.

I’ve met Silver a few times and—despite this proclamation—he’s always struck me as one of the more humble people in AI. Sometimes, when talking about ideas he considers silly, he flashes a puckish grin. Right now, though, he’s deadly serious.

“I think of our mission as making first contact with superintelligence,” he says. “By superintelligence I really mean something incredible. It should discover new forms of science or technology or government or economics for itself.”

Five years ago, such a mission might have seemed ridiculous. But tech CEOs now routinely talk about machines outpacing human intelligence and replacing entire categories of workers. The idea that some new technical twist might unlock superhuman AI capabilities has recently spawned a raft of billion-dollar startups.

Ineffable Intelligence has so far raised $1.1 billion in seed funding at a valuation of $5.1 billion—an enormous sum by European AI standards. Silver has also recruited top AI researchers from Google DeepMind and other frontier labs to join his endeavor.

Silver says he will give all of the money he makes from equity in Effable Intelligence—a sum that could amount to billions if he is successful—away to charity.

“It’s a huge responsibility to build a company focusing on superintelligence,” he tells me. “I think this is something that has to be done for the benefit of humanity, and any money that I make from Ineffable will will go to high-impact charities that save as many lives as possible.”

Total Focus

Silver met Demis Hassabis, the CEO of Google DeepMind, at a chess tournament when they were kids, and the pair later became lifelong friends and collaborators.

They remained close after Silver left Google DeepMind, which he did only because he wanted to chart a completely new path. “I feel it’s really important that there is an elite AI lab that actually focuses a hundred percent on this approach,” he says. “That it’s not just a corner of another place dedicated to LLMs.”

The limits of the LLM-based approach can be seen, Silver says, with a simple thought experiment. Imagine going back in time and releasing a large language model in a world that believed the world was flat. Without being able to interact with the real world, the system, he says, would remain an avid flat-earther, even if it continued to improve its own code.

An AI system that can learn about the world for itself, however, could make its own scientific discoveries.



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