Business
Energy, geopolitics and the green shift | The Express Tribune
China’s transition shows how clean energy can reshape geopolitics and reduce conflict risks
ISLAMABAD:
Energy is one of the basic ingredients of life, along with water and food. In modern life, energy has become indispensable, and the entire system relies on it. From everyday chores to communication, transportation, production, and technology, every sector depends on energy in one way or another.
In short, modern life cannot be imagined without it. The literature indicates that the critical importance of energy also makes it a tool for peace and conflict. Over time, it has gradually evolved into a means of geopolitical influence and control, particularly after Dr King Hubbert’s 1956 Peak Oil theory. He predicted that oil production in the United States would peak in the 1970s, and it did.
The US then aimed to prioritise Middle Eastern resources by building influence in the region and securing supply routes. In 1980, the Carter Doctrine was introduced, explicitly favouring aggressive containment of any interference in the Middle East to ensure energy security. It was also intended to control the flow of energy to weaken or dominate competitors or rivals.
Similarly, the USSR utilised its energy resources to gain dominance in Eastern Europe. These policies led to the emergence of the term “new energy cold war,” a phrase that became increasingly common with the start of the 21st century. The situation became even more complex with the weaponisation of nuclear energy by the US and West.
The US and West also use energy trade as a tool to influence energy-rich countries and end users. For example, Iran faces sanctions on its oil and gas exports. The US and European Union have also imposed sanctions on Russia’s oil and gas exports to win the war over Ukraine and to prevent shipments to China. The current conflict between Iran, the US and Israel, as well as the capture of Venezuela are also centred on energy, alongside other goals.
The recent statement by the Israeli PM about building a pipeline from the Gulf to Israel to supply energy to Europe further strengthens the argument. Moreover, the war also has a China containment angle. The US believes that choking off China’s oil supply (as 54% comes from the region) will have negative consequences for China’s society, energy, and industrial sectors. Moreover, by destabilising the Gulf region, they plan to undermine Chinese investment and trade there.
In this context, as fossil fuels become a source of conflict, the world is seeking alternatives that can sustain economic growth, maintain lifestyles, and promote lasting peace. Clean and renewable energy has emerged as a promising option, giving rise to the idea of a green transition.
Consequently, the green transition is expected to reduce geopolitical influence and warfare by shifting focus and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. It also offers a pathway to address climate change, which the United Nations Security Council recognised as a serious threat to global security in 2009. Many military agencies, including those of the US, EU, and UK, have also declared climate change a major security concern.
Despite this potential, there is ongoing debate about whether the green transition is achievable in the near future. Questions remain about whether global targets can be met when the US has opted out of the Paris Agreement at various points and several countries continue to resist commitments.
In this context, China has taken the lead by launching a comprehensive green transition initiative with clear objectives, structured programmes, and a defined path. It adopted a systematic approach, first identifying energy transition as the most critical factor, and then building a complete ecosystem around it.
China began by developing clean and renewable energy sources through numerous small- and large-scale projects. Notable examples include Xinjiang, where a 3.5 GW solar farm worth $2.3 billion benefits around three million households, and installations on the Tibetan Plateau spanning roughly 610 square kilometres – roughly the size of Chicago).
These efforts are yielding results. By 2025, China’s total installed power capacity reached 3,890 gigawatts, including around 1,200 gigawatts of solar, 640 gigawatts of wind, and approximately 1,500 gigawatts from coal. This marked the first time that solar and wind energy surpassed coal in Chinese history.
China is also promoting renewable energy consumption and renewable-based products such as electric vehicles. It has offered incentives including preferred credit, easier registration, and fee waivers. As a result, China became the largest producer of EVs, manufacturing 16.6 million units, and the largest exporter, shipping 3.4 million units in 2025.
This success is driven by strong political commitment and substantial investment. Data suggest that China invested nearly $2.1 trillion in clean energy-related sectors in 2025, comparable to the size of major global economies. Investment in clean energy alone exceeded $1 trillion. The sector contributed nearly one-third of China’s economic growth and accounted for 90% of total investment.
China has also established itself as the largest producer and exporter of clean technologies, accounting for over 80% of solar panel manufacturing, 70% of EV production, 72% of wind turbine manufacturing, and 75% of battery production. In addition, it continues to invest in nuclear and hydropower. This diversified and robust clean energy base has enhanced China’s resilience to fossil fuel shocks.
However, China recognises that the green transition is incomplete if its benefits are not shared. It has supported other countries by transferring technology in solar, wind, EVs, and nuclear sectors. It is also working to transform the Belt and Road Initiative into a Green BRI. Initiatives under this framework include the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, the Green Development Coalition, the Silk Road Environment Programme, the Green Silk Road Envoy Programme, and various technology exchange platforms. China is also testing climate-resilient and green special economic zones.
Moreover, under “China’s Actions on South-South Cooperation in Addressing Climate Change,” it has mobilised 177 billion RMB for developing countries and signed 53 MoUs with 42 nations.
Now, imagine a scenario where a large economy reduces its reliance on fossil fuels and helps others do the same, it can significantly lower global demand and reduce geopolitical tensions. This would redefine energy security while also lowering greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, the Xinjiang solar project alone is expected to cut emissions by over six million tonnes annually.
In conclusion, several inferences can be drawn. First, a green transition is achievable if a country has the political will. Second, it can reduce dependence on fossil fuels while addressing climate change. Third, China’s success enhances its resilience to energy shocks. Fourth, it can help reduce conflicts linked to fossil fuel competition. However, each country must adopt solutions aligned with its own realities. In Pakistan’s case, this suggests prioritising nuclear and hydropower.
THE WRITER IS A POLITICAL ECONOMIST AND VISITING RESEARCH FELLOW AT HEBEI UNIVERSITY, CHINA
Business
Gulf crisis: British Airways and SWISS add India flights – The Times of India
NEW DELHI: With the big Gulf carriers operating a fraction of their schedules, foreign airlines are expanding their India flights to meet the increased demand for options to the likes of Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad. SWISS will operate a second daily light between between Delhi and Zurich from April 1 to May 31, 2026. British Airways will have a third daily service from Delhi starting April 7, followed by a third daily service from Mumbai from May 15. Air India has been adding flights to the west whenever possible during the Iran war.In a statement Thursday, Lufthansa group carrier SWISS said it is increasing its flight offering between Switzerland and India. “From April 1 to May 31, 2026, in addition to its regular service from Zurich to Delhi, SWISS will operate a second daily connection using an Airbus A330. Numerous passengers of other airlines are currently unable to take their originally booked flights via the Gulf region. As a result, many are switching to direct connections to and from Asia. SWISS is seeing a corresponding rise in demand for such nonstop services. We are pleased to offer our customers this additional flight to Delhi over the next two months. The flights are available for booking with immediate effect,” SWISS said in a statement.“Depending on further developments in the Middle East, SWISS continuously assesses how aircraft and capacities that become available can be deployed where demand is particularly strong. In addition to demand, key factors include operational constraints such as available airport slots, traffic rights and fleet deployment capabilities,” SWISS statement added.British Airways also announced additional flights from Delhi and Mumbai “to meet strong travel demand”. “In response to the ongoing situation in the Middle East, the airline is adding short-term capacity from Delhi and Mumbai to meet customer demand. A third daily service from Delhi will launch on April 7, followed by a third daily service from Mumbai from May 15. With this additional capacity, British Airways will operate up to 63 weekly flights with more than 1,000 additional seats per week between India and the UK, offering more options for customers travelling to the UK or connecting onwards across the airline’s global network,” BA said in a statement.Neil Chernoff, British Airways’ chief planning and strategy officer, said: “As we continue to respond to the evolving situation in the Middle East, we’ve been able to reallocate additional capacity to meet strong demand to other destinations across our route network. India remains one of our most important global markets, and these additional services from Delhi and Mumbai respond to customer demand and provide greater choice and flexibility for our customers when travelling to the UK and beyond. We will continue to review our network and make adjustments based on where our customers want to fly this summer.”
Business
Major outgoing CEOs are citing AI as a factor in their decisions to step down
Two major CEOs told CNBC in recent months that the rise of artificial intelligence contributed to their decisions to hand over the reins and step down from their positions.
It’s one of the latest insights into how America’s corporate leaders are sizing up the AI transition.
Coca-Cola CEO James Quincey told CNBC’s “Squawk Box” on Thursday that his decision to step down from his role was influenced by larger “waves of the organizational momentum.”
“My job is also to think who’s the best team to put on the field to get the next wave done,” Quincey said. “And I concluded that, actually, it was time to put someone else on the field for the next wave of growth.”
Quincey, who has served as CEO of the beverage giant since 2017, will be succeeded by current COO Henrique Braun, effective at the end of this month.
“In a pre-AI, a pre-gen-AI mode, we made a lot of progress. But now there’s a huge new shift coming along,” Quincey said.
While he said he’s leaning into the technological advances, he believes the beverage company needs “someone with the energy to pursue a completely new transformation of the enterprise.”
That person, Quincey said, is Braun, who he believes will uniquely equip the company to embrace its next chapter.
Quincey’s comments echo sentiments from former Walmart CEO Douglas McMillon in December ahead of his departure from that role.

McMillon, who had held the position as CEO of the global retailer since 2014, told CNBC’s “Squawk Box” at the time that he had decided to hand over the role to someone “faster.” John Furner, who was previously head of Walmart U.S., took over the top job on Feb. 1.
“With what’s happening with AI, I could start this next big set of transformations with AI, but I couldn’t finish,” McMillon told CNBC.
“About a year ago, I really started feeling like this next run, you could see what agentic commerce was gonna look like, the vision for AI shopping, and I started thinking about everything that needs to happen over the next few years, and it really caused me to think that now was the right time [to step down],” he said.
Walmart in December made the move to list on the Nasdaq, something McMillon said was symbolic of the progress the company has made with technology.
The retailer has been incorporating AI to optimize its supply chain, provide assistants for customers and more.
“I think what you’re going to see from the Walmart team is they’re just going to keep scaling what we’ve already started, build some new stuff on top, and then use AI to transform it all,” he said.
Business
India’s voluntary carbon market gains ground as net-zero goals drive ecosystem buildup – The Times of India
NEW DELHI: With Climate action gaining momentum as part of India’s net-zero commitment by 2070, the country’s carbon market is beginning to take shape and gain momentum. Homegrown institutions such as the Carbon Registry of India (CRI) are emerging as important enablers for the voluntary carbon market offering platforms to register and track carbon projects, even as corporates and developers scale up efforts around offsets, credits, and trading in line with evolving global frameworks. While the regulatory framework is still in the development stage across many industries, India is leading the development of platforms for listing of voluntary carbon projects in South Asia, creating implementation partners, enabling trading of credits and audit process — all to to align the processes with international standards having an end-to-end setup. “The carbon market today is split into two clear paths,” says Priya Bahirwani, co-founder of Terrablu Climate Technologies, a carbon project developer with proprietary carbon accounting, offsetting and trading platform. “The compliance market is regulation-led and has different levers and framework within which it operates. But the voluntary carbon market is where intent shows up, where companies invest for credibility, brand and long-term responsibility.” It is this voluntary market that is now steering the path and driving the momentum in India for a climate-driven economy. This market is driven by corporates looking to go beyond compliance and are committed to demonstrating real climate impact and social impact – Indian Carbon for Global Markets. CRI (a public-private registry) and other such reputed organisations are building the ecosystem in a sustainable manner. Especially companies like Varaha, Terrablu, NextNow Green (NNG), and other entities are slowly but steadily building the momentum for a climate resilient economy in India. From large conglomerates to mid-sized firms, companies are increasingly investing in carbon credits not just to meet regulatory norms, but to build long-term brand credibility and stakeholder trust. The is the just the beginning of new wave of building a climate resilient economy. CRI helps companies register and formalise their carbon projects in a standardised format. For India, this shift represents a strategic move — from being a supply-side participant to shaping the rules of the market itself. “Carbon markets will only scale on the foundation of trust, transparency, and traceability. With its depth in innovation and resilience, India is well placed to lead this evolution.,” says Richard Bright, CEO of CRI. CRI, he adds, is focused on building a credible domestic bridge between Indian climate projects and global demand, while leveraging digital frameworks to improve transparency, traceability and access. Companies listed on the CRI for carbon projects include Sahyadri Farms, Piplantri FPO, L&T Metro and others are in the pipeline, says Bright. Terrablu’s Bahirwani says India should not just generate carbon credits, but also own the platforms that certify them. “CRI is creating that opportunity, and we are already seeing increasing interest from corporates in sourcing credits listed on such platforms.” Companies such as NNG, which is a carbon consultancy and ecosystem implementation partner, believes that as India moves from a voluntary to a rules- and penalties-based setup in carbon, companies will increasingly work on carbon and climate strategies to strengthen their play in the area. “We are already seeing efforts in this regard. There are enquiries about how to go about carbon projects, how to carry out assessment and audit of current work, and how to work out credits and even offset them, or trade them, across diverse sectors including agriculture and industrial decarbonisation,” says NNG’s Archana Raha. This push is also being reinforced by ecosystem players such as legal frameworks to project developers. They see value in strengthening India’s own carbon market architecture. “Global registries will continue to play a role, but India needs trusted domestic platforms as well,” says Vishnu Sudarsan, senior partner at law firm JSA. “Platforms like CRI provide visibility and credibility within the Indian ecosystem, which is critical as the market matures, supported by robust, dual-layer governance structures that reinforce transparency and accountability,” Sudarsan adds. On the ground, this shift is already taking shape through projects that are choosing to align with India’s emerging carbon infrastructure. Take Piplantri as an example. It is a model that goes beyond carbon to integrate afforestation, water conservation and community livelihoods. By listing on CRI, stakeholders are signalling a clear intent to prioritise transparency, traceability and alignment with India’s evolving climate ecosystem. The market is gradually maturing as reputed and credible market players with sophistication and focus are shaping the ecosystem . The decision reflects a broader trend. Project developers and intermediaries are increasingly working with platforms like CRI and CCTS, supported by ecosystem players such as Terrablu and implementation partners like NNG. Alongside them, credible validation and verification bodies — including KBS certification, 4K Earth Science, VKU Certification and others — are empanelled with CRI, strengthening the integrity and credibility of the overall ecosystem, and helping create a more locally anchored yet globally credible carbon market framework. Experts say that India’s emerging carbon ecosystem is beginning to offer answers through creation of stronger platforms, better verification, and tighter integration across the value chain. “The direction is clear: India is not just participating in the global carbon market but it is leading the market for other emerging economies,” says Sudarsan. It is believed that with the foundation for the climate economy coming in place, India is well poised to become a hub for high-integrity carbon solutions.
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