A team of engineers at the University of California San Diego has developed an electronic sticker that can monitor a person’s vitamin C levels using the sweat from their fingertips—no blood draws, lab visits or batteries required. The flexible sticker, which attaches to the outside of a drinking cup, collects trace amounts of sweat as a person grips the cup. Within minutes, the system harvests enough power from the sweat to analyze it for vitamin C and wirelessly sends the results to a nearby laptop.

Details about the device are published in Biosensors and Bioelectronics.

“By turning everyday objects like cups or bottles into smart sensors, people can gain real-time insights into their health and wellness without changing a thing about their daily routine,” said study co-senior author Patrick Mercier, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.

“We’re moving toward a future of ‘unawareables’—devices that are unobtrusive and essentially invisible so that you are unaware that you’re even using them. You just go about your day and your drinking cup can give you access to all this rich information.”

Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies continue to affect millions of people worldwide. While vitamin C plays a key role in immune function, tissue repair and iron absorption, testing for it currently requires blood draws, specialized laboratory equipment and costs around $50 per test in the U.S. These barriers make frequent monitoring impractical for many people.

The new sticker offers a simple, convenient and low-cost alternative. Built on a flexible, adhesive polymer sheet, the system integrates screen-printed electronic components. A porous hydrogel pad mounted on the sticker collects sweat from the fingertips. A built-in biofuel cell converts chemicals in the sweat into electricity, which powers a custom printed circuit board and the vitamin C sensor. The circuit board reads signals from the vitamin C sensor and wirelessly transmits the data via Bluetooth low energy.

“Most people only get a snapshot of their health once a year at the doctor. But our bodies change much more frequently than that,” Mercier said. “We want to make access to health data as frequent and effortless as holding your morning coffee cup or orange juice bottle.”

Another special feature of the sticker is that it generates power without requiring physical exertion from the user. Fingertips, despite their small size, are among the body’s most prolific sweat producers—each is packed with over a thousand sweat glands and can produce between 100 and 1,000 times more sweat than most other areas on the body. This steady trickle of natural perspiration provides a continuous energy source that allows the sticker to operate even when the user is at rest.

Because the system is battery-free, it can be manufactured at low cost—potentially for just a few cents per unit. Its affordability could also make future versions of the system disposable and widely accessible, particularly in low-resource areas.

The work is a collaboration between the labs of Mercier and Joseph Wang, a professor in the Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering. It builds on wearable technologies that Wang’s lab has pioneered—including tattoo-like biochemical sensors and fingertip-power wearables—along with ultra-low power, battery-free wireless systems developed in Mercier’s lab.

In tests, the device was stuck onto a disposable drinking cup and accurately tracked changes in vitamin C levels after participants took a supplement or drank orange juice. The device powered itself for more than two hours using only sweat-derived energy.

“This is an elegant extension of our early fingertip sweat-based technology toward effortless, continuous monitoring of personal nutrition and health,” said Wang, one of the study’s co-senior authors. “By moving sensors from the skin to the surface of everyday objects like cups or bottles, we are expanding what wearable technology can be.”

The team plans to expand the technology to measure additional nutrients and biochemicals. Future versions could send readings directly to smartphones or smartwatches to provide more seamless, real-time tracking of personal health data throughout the day.

Co-authors of the study include Muhammad Inam Khan, Ryan Burns, Akshit Agarwal, Lu Yin, Jongmin Moon, Bumsik Choi, Shichao Ding and Tamoghna Saha, all at UC San Diego.

WITH THE END of the US government shutdown in sight, disorganization still reigns at federal agencies. Workers at the Environmental Protection Agency tell WIRED that they have faced increasing chaos over the past five weeks.

In recent weeks, varied phases of furloughs have forced staff to go home in seemingly random waves. Some employees remaining at the agency are working on policies friendly to fossil fuel and industrial interests that are a priority of the administration, even as the rest of the government shuts down.

Others have had to sit on their hands, as the shutdown takes out colleagues with no notice—and remaining employees have little to no information as to what is coming next.

“We learn who is furloughed when we send an email to someone and get the out-of-office message, or we hover over names in Teams for people who are showing out of office,” one EPA worker tells WIRED. (This worker, and others in this story, were granted anonymity because they aren’t permitted to speak to the press.)

Some employees who are being kept are at work revising pollution rules, a core deregulatory goal of the administration. An employee at the Office of Air and Radiation confirmed to WIRED that their team, which is working on rule revisions in that office, is still being called in to work, while others in the office—including support staff like administrative assistants and operations workers—were sent home the week of October 20.

“Staff working in the regulatory part of the air office are still working,” the employee tells WIRED. “Lots of furloughs elsewhere. But we’re still working on deregulatory actions.” The New York Times reported in mid-October that other staffers working to repeal rules friendly to oil, gas, and coal interests were also being told to “press on.”

Around 4,400 employees, WIRED has learned, had been furloughed at the agency as of late October. According to the EPA’s shutdown plan, which was last updated in September, the agency employed more than 15,000 people as of October 1. In the plan, the agency lists just 1,734 employees expected to be retained in the event of a full shutdown. These employees would work on “significant agency activities” deemed crucial enough to be continued in a lapse, including Superfund activities, disaster assistance, criminal investigations, and the preservation of research.

Following a Sunday vote in the Senate, the government shutdown could end as early as this week.

OMB director Russell Vought, the public face of the government shutdown, has tried to use it as a way to further cut back the size of the federal workforce. But more than a month into the shutdown, workers at the EPA have mostly escaped the high-profile reductions in force and mass furloughs that have hit other agencies. Many workers are still coming in to do their jobs as the agency tries to continue business as usual. EPA administrator Lee Zeldin, meanwhile, has squarely blamed Democrats.

OpenAI’s recent restructuring of its for-profit arm to a public benefit corporation is a smart move that will allow the organization to increase its investment opportunities and maintain its nonprofit roots, according to a Northeastern University nonprofit management expert.

“They are still keeping their nonprofit legacy intact in many ways,” says Cortney Nicolato, a Northeastern lecturer and president and chief executive of the United Way of Rhode Island, a branch of a global nonprofit that provides and funds social service programs to people in need.

OpenAI recently announced after months of negotiations between attorneys general in Delaware, where it was incorporated, and California, where it is currently based, that it had changed the organization’s structure.

As part of the reorganization, OpenAI, the well-known AI technology company, changed its for-profit business into a public benefit corporation. A public benefit corporation is a type of for-profit business that, in addition to having shareholders, has committed to pursuing societal causes.

OpenAI’s recently renamed nonprofit arm, the OpenAI Foundation, has a 26% equity stake in the company. Microsoft, which has long been one of the company’s biggest supporters, has a 27% equity stake in the company. The other 47% equity stake is owned by employees, previous employees, and current and new investors, according to an OpenAI blog post.

Nicolato says OpenAI’s pivot to a public benefit corporation makes sense as it is increasingly becoming one of the more popular business models for companies looking to make societal changes.

Similarly, Anthropic, another AI company, is a public benefit corporation.

Other companies that follow a similar structure are Bombas, which in addition to selling socks, also gives them away; Toms Shoes, which gives away a free pair of shoes for every pair sold. They are what are known as B Corporations, which, similar to public benefit corporations, have a social component to their for-profit businesses.

“There are a lot more B Corps now than there were before,” says Nicolato. “So I’m not surprised that they went this route because it offers more opportunity to license out products.”

At the same time, however, given that the nonprofit’s arm retains a large stake in the private arm, it means it is still acting as a check on the organization as a whole, she says.

In addition to the restructuring, OpenAI announced that it is investing $25 billion for the nonprofit arm to focus on two specific areas—health care and AI resilience.

“I think what they’ve done with their nonprofit arm is really hone exactly what that nonprofit will be focused on,” she says.

But why did OpenAI do this restructuring in the first place? What are the economic benefits?

Gastón de los Reyes, an international business and strategy professor at Northeastern University, says this new restructuring significantly increases OpenAI’s capital investment opportunities as it continues to spend billions on the development of its AI technologies.

“What this change allows is for a lot more investors to be able to make huge amounts of money by owning a share of OpenAI,” he says.

Specifically, this new structure positions OpenAI for a potential initial public offering and removes a previous profit cap for investors, he explains.

“The floodgates of the capital have been opened to keep this arms race going between OpenAI, Google and Anthropic,” he says, highlighting the companies’ pursuit of artificial general intelligence, a form of AI that is cognitively as capable or more capable than humans.

Notably, OpenAI was incentivized to create the new corporate structure to take full advantage of an investment from the Japanese conglomerate Softbank, de los Reyes says.

Speaking to the nonprofit’s now massive $130 billion stake in the for-profit arm, Craig Welton, also a Northeastern lecturer and the chief development officer of the Boys and Girls Clubs of Dorchester, a local branch of the national after-school organization, says the potential societal benefits are massive.

“It will probably be the most well-funded foundation in the country when it’s all said and done,” he says.

Whether the organization actually lives up to its goals will certainly depend on its nonprofit and for-profit boards in maintaining OpenAI’s stated missions and goals, he says.

This story is republished courtesy of Northeastern Global News news.northeastern.edu.