Tech
High-performance supercapacitor made from upcycled water bottles

Lots of single-use water bottles made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) end up in landfills, but there’s a growing interest in upcycling them instead. Researchers in Energy & Fuels report on new heat-based fabrication methods to transform PET into supercapacitor electrodes and separator films for upcycled energy storage devices. In demonstrations, an all-plastic supercapacitor made from discarded water bottles outperformed a similar design that used a traditional glass fiber separator.
“PET is used to produce over 500 billion single-use beverage bottles each year, which generates a significant amount of plastic waste and poses a major environmental challenge,” says lead researcher Yun Hang Hu. “PET-derived supercapacitors hold great potential for diverse applications in transportation and automotive systems, electronics and consumer devices, as well as industrial and specialized sectors.”
Converting waste plastics like PET into carbon-based materials, especially ones that are electrically conductive, is an attractive way to manufacture more cost-effective and sustainable energy storage devices like supercapacitors. These devices use highly conductive carbon electrodes to store and release a large amount of energy quickly and repeatedly. So, Hu and colleagues wanted to upcycle old water bottles into components for a type of supercapacitor called an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). This device is characterized by two porous carbon-based electrodes separated by a thin, perforated film immersed in a liquid electrolyte.
Hu’s team developed two processes to turn used PET water bottles into components for the upcycled device:
- For the electrodes, the researchers cut the plastic bottles into tiny, couscous-sized grains. They added calcium hydroxide and heated the mixture to nearly 1300 degrees Fahrenheit (700 degrees Celsius) in a vacuum. This process converts the plastic into a porous, electrically conductive carbon powder. The researchers combined the carbon powder, carbon black and a polymer binder, and then dried it into thin layers.
- For the separator, the researchers flattened small plastic pieces about the size of postage stamps and poked holes in them using hot needles. The holes’ pattern optimized the passage of current through the electrolyte.
To assemble their PET-based supercapacitor, the researchers submerged two porous carbon electrodes in a liquid potassium hydroxide electrolyte and separated them with the perforated PET film. In demonstrations, the upcycled supercapacitor retained 79% of its capacitance (storage ability), while a similar device with a glass fiber separator retained 78%.
Hu and colleagues say this research introduces a potential strategy for transforming PET waste into supercapacitor components, “opening new opportunities for circular energy storage technologies.” In addition, they say the upcycled EDLC is less expensive to produce than devices made with glass fiber and is itself fully recyclable.
“With further optimization, PET-derived supercapacitors might realistically transition from laboratory prototypes to market-ready devices within the next five to 10 years,” says Hu, “especially as demand grows for sustainable, recyclable energy storage technologies.”
More information:
Shaoqin Chen et al, All-Plastic Supercapacitors from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste, Energy & Fuels (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03370
Citation:
High-performance supercapacitor made from upcycled water bottles (2025, October 9)
retrieved 9 October 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-high-supercapacitor-upcycled-bottles.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
Tech
Apple Took Down ICE-Tracking Apps. Their Developers Aren’t Giving Up

Legal experts WIRED spoke with say that the ICE monitoring and documentation apps that Apple has removed from its App Store are clear examples of protected speech under the US Constitution’s First Amendment. “These apps are publishing constitutionally protected speech. They’re publishing truthful information about matters of public interest that people obtained just by witnessing public events,” says David Greene, a civil liberties director at the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
This hasn’t stopped the Trump administration from attacking the developers behind these ICE-related apps. When ICEBlock first rose to a top spot in Apple’s App Store in April, the Trump administration responded by threatening to prosecute the developer. “We are looking at him,” Bondi said on Fox News of ICEBlock’s Aaron. “And he better watch out.”
Neither the White House nor ICE immediately responded to requests for comment.
Digital rights researchers say that the situation illustrates the dangers when key platforms and communication channels are centrally controlled—whether directly by governments or by other powerful entities like big tech companies. Regardless of what is officially available through the Google Play store, Android users can sideload apps of their choosing. But Apple’s ecosystem has always been a walled garden, an approach that the company has long touted for its security advantages, including the ability to screen more heavily for malicious apps.
For years, a group of researchers and enthusiasts have tried to create “jailbreaks” for iPhones to essentially hack their own devices as a way around Apple’s closed ecosystem. Recently, though, jailbreaking has become less common. This is partly the result of advances in iPhone security, but partly related to the trend in recent years of attackers exploiting complex chains of vulnerabilities that could potentially be used for jailbreaking for malware instead, particularly mercenary spyware.
“The closed ecosystem motivation sort of dwindled as Apple added capabilities that previously required a jailbreak—like wallpapers, tethering, better notifications, and private mode in Safari,” says longtime iOS security and jailbreak researcher Will Strafach. “But this situation with ICE apps highlights the issue with Apple being the arbiter and single point of failure.”
Stanford’s Pfefferkorn warns that while US tech companies are not state-controlled, they have in her view become “happy handmaidens” when it comes to “repressing free speech and dissent.”
“It’s especially disappointing,” Pfefferkorn says, “coming from the company that brought us the Think Different ad campaign, which invoked MLK, Gandhi, and Muhammad Ali—none of whom would likely be big fans of ICE today.”
Tech
Inside Intel’s Hail Mary to Reclaim Chip Dominance

Everyone who enters the fabs has to wear a bunny suit, and get dressed—or be dressed—in a clean room. Makeup, hair products, perfumes, colognes, and any aerosol products are prohibited. Workers are separated by a metallurgical hierarchy: There are those who work with copper, and those who do not. The copper people wear orange suits, not white, and have to suit up and strip down in their own clean room.
The Intel fab worker who helped me suit up proudly told me that he has done the same for two US presidents: Obama, who visited Fab 42, and Biden, who visited Fab 52 while it was under construction. As of late September, Trump still hadn’t visited, though Intel spokesperson Cory Pforzheimer said, “We’d eagerly welcome President Trump to see the most advanced R&D and leading-edge semiconductor manufacturing in the US.”
The workers shuffling around are not pulling levers and grinding away at the gears of manufacturing as much as quietly managing robots. They stand at (sterilized) computer stations while containers called front-opening unified pods, or FOUPs, whoosh by overhead through a labyrinth of robotic tracks. The rows of equipment appear endless. The floor below has been reinforced, then reinforced again, because the tiniest of shakes can ruin a whole batch of chips.
The lithography section of the facility is awash in a strange glow, which turned our white suits neon green and the copper-suited people pink. Intel demanded that the fab tourists not share the names of its suppliers, with the exception of one: ASML, the Dutch manufacturer of the world’s most cutting-edge lithography machines. WIRED witnessed two massive ASML Twinscan machines that appeared to be operational. The floor next to them was tape-marked with space for two more.
Intel has not yet publicly said how many semiconductors it expects to successfully yield, or manufacture, at Fab 52 annually. For now, the chips produced there will be used in consumer devices like laptops. But what Intel really needs is the same thing the entire industry is chasing: A hyperscaler customer, a giant data center deal, someone looking to spend billions to get an edge in AI. A whale.
Design Overhaul
Intel’s Panther Lake and Clearwater Forest chips will be made using a manufacturing process that tosses aside decades of proven design techniques in favor of two new technologies the company calls RibbonFET and PowerVia. RibbonFet is an architecture for transistors, stacking them in a way that allows for more density, while PowerVia moves the power interconnects from above the silicon stacks in the chip to below them.
Intel began working on the new design approach in 2021, and early tests have shown that RibbonFet and PowerVia led to performance gains. Reports suggest these new chips also use 30 percent less energy than the prior generation.
Tech
Musk settles with fired Twitter execs for undisclosed sum

Elon Musk has agreed to pay an undisclosed sum to settle a dispute with four former Twitter executives over their dismissal on the day he acquired the social network, now known as X, a court filing said on Wednesday.
When the world’s richest man purchased Twitter for $44 billion in October 2022, he immediately fired CEO Parag Agrawal, CFO Ned Segal, and top legal officers Vijaya Gadde and Sean Edgett, accusing them of gross negligence and willful misconduct.
The four executives sued in federal court in San Francisco in March 2024, seeking $128 million. They alleged they were dismissed without cause and that Musk then tried unsuccessfully to fabricate grievances against them.
They also accused him of rushing the Twitter acquisition to deprive them of $200 million in stock options due the following day.
The settlement amount for Musk is not specified in the provisional agreement submitted to a judge.
It remains subject to several conditions. If those conditions are not met, the lawsuit will resume on October 31.
The turbulent 2022 acquisition saw nearly two-thirds of Twitter’s workforce laid off and triggered multiple lawsuits from former employees, clients and contractors.
In late August, Musk and X agreed to settle a class action and individual lawsuits filed by thousands of employees seeking severance payments.
In March, the billionaire transferred ownership of X to his generative artificial intelligence startup, xAI.
© 2025 AFP
Citation:
Musk settles with fired Twitter execs for undisclosed sum (2025, October 9)
retrieved 9 October 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-musk-twitter-execs-undisclosed-sum.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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