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How atmospheric water harvesting can be scaled

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How atmospheric water harvesting can be scaled


Companies in the SAWH sector. Credit: Joule (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102132

Water scarcity is a huge global issue. More than 2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water—a situation set to worsen due to climate change, which fuels longer and more severe droughts. As reservoirs shrink, groundwater dries up and rainy seasons become more erratic. Some believe one answer to this crisis lies in the reservoirs of moisture in our skies.

The question is: How close are we to turning air into a dependable water source, and when does it make sense to do so? An article published in Joule explores how atmospheric water harvesting could move from laboratory prototypes to commercial systems by linking thermodynamic limits with a survey of existing products and customer needs. The analysis highlights the gap between what physics makes possible and what the market demands.

Energy paid

Atmospheric water harvesting follows two main routes. Condensation systems to its dew point and collect liquid water. Sorption systems capture vapor in a sorbent and release it with heat. The study builds first-principles models for both routes and calculates the minimum energy required across climates and heat source temperatures. That baseline frames realistic targets for device performance.

Condensation is straightforward but sensitive to climate. At , conventional refrigeration hardware can deliver continuous, high-volume output. As air gets drier, the energy penalty rises. More input goes to sensible heat, which cools the entire air stream, rather than to the latent heat of condensation. At about 30% , the sensible share can approach half of the total, which lowers efficiency and raises cost. In very dry air, dew points can fall below 0°C, frost can form on coils and both and water production drop.

Sorption changes the balance. Because the sorbent selects water molecules from the air, the sensible heat fraction is typically lower, often under 30% in dry conditions in the authors’ calculations. Practical performance still depends on a suitable heat source for regeneration and on tight coupling between the sorbent and the heat and mass flows inside the device.

The market scan covers more than 100 participants, their reported energy use and daily output, and financing milestones. Condensation products dominate shipments today, supported by mature heat-pump supply chains and dehumidifier experience. Several vendors list units above 1,000 L per day, yet measured often sits well above the theoretical floor.

The gap stems from multiple irreversibilities and from air-conditioner-style layouts that under-recover heat and moisture and mismatch components. Sorption products are earlier in scale up. Many devices produce under 10 L per day and use non-uniform energy accounting, but investment and technical progress are fast, with strong links to universities and materials advances such as metal-organic frameworks, graphene, and salt-based composites.

How to close the gap to commercialization

A unified platform offers a path to scale. We propose using a heat pump as a common energy backbone. The cold side supplies either direct condensation or enhanced adsorption during uptake, and the hot side drives desorption. A four-way valve alternates beds between adsorption and regeneration for near-continuous operation. Efficiency can improve with multistage heat pumps, tighter sorbent heat-exchanger integration, recovery of condensation heat and selective use of ambient energy.

Economics complete the picture. The analysis uses levelized cost of water and payback period and compares distributed AWH with trucking as distance grows. Longer haul distances improve AWH competitiveness. Priority use cases include emergency and military response, mobile and vehicle-mounted supply, urban bottled-water and beverage replacement, distributed supply for high-rise or modular buildings, and supplemental capacity alongside seawater desalination in some regions.

Progress depends on scenario-first design. Select a target climate, a target customer and a target energy source, then tune materials and systems to that triangle. Standardized energy metrics enable fair comparisons. Closed heat and moisture loops reduce losses and move performance closer to thermodynamic limits. A heat-pump backbone that serves both condensation and sorption on one platform can shorten the path from prototypes to market.

The message we hope readers take away is that better materials or bigger compressors alone will not carry AWH to scale. What closes the gap is alignment: climate conditions with service requirements and energy supply measured against transparent thermodynamic limits and reported on standardized energy bases. If the community coalesces around that yardstick—and if builders embrace -centered, climate-adaptive platforms—we believe AWH can move quickly from impressive demonstrations to bankable infrastructure.

This story is part of Science X Dialog, where researchers can report findings from their published research articles. Visit this page for information about Science X Dialog and how to participate.

More information:
He Shan et al, Approaching thermodynamic boundaries and targeting market players for commercial atmospheric water harvesting, Joule (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102132

Journal information:
Joule


He Shan is a research fellow at the National University of Singapore (NUS). He earned his joint Ph.D. degree in 2025 under the supervision of Prof. Ruzhu Wang at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) and NUS. Prior to that, he received his B.S. degree from Chongqing University in 2019. His research focuses on hydrogel-based atmospheric water harvesting and energy management.

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Looking for the Best Smart Scale? Step on Up

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Looking for the Best Smart Scale? Step on Up


Other Smart Scales

Renpho MorphoScan

Photograph: Chris Null

Renpho MorphoScan for $150: The Renpho MorphoScan full-body scanner looks surprisingly similar to the Runstar FG2015, including a near-identical display attached to the handlebars. Well, spoiler alert, they are basically the same scale. They even use the same app to collect data (and you can even use both scales simultaneously with it). The only reason this scale isn’t our top pick for the category is that it’s $15 more expensive. You can rest assured that a price war is looming.

Black digital scale with small screen

Arboleaf Body Fat Scale CS20W

Photograph: Chris Null

Arboleaf Body Fat Scale CS20W for $40: This affordable Bluetooth scale isn’t the most eye-catching I’ve tested, owing to its big, silver electrodes and an oversized display that comes across as a bit garish. While weight is easy to make out, the six additional statistics showcased are difficult to read, all displayed simultaneously. I like the Arboleaf app better than the scale, where five more metrics can be found in addition to the seven above, each featuring a helpful explanation when tapping on it. It’s a solid deal at this price, but the upsell to get an “intelligent interpretation report” for an extra $40 per year is probably safe to skip.

Image may contain Electronics Phone Mobile Phone Computer Laptop and Pc

Hume Health Body Pod

Photograph: Chris Null

Hume Health Body Pod for $183: Hume Health’s Body Pod, another full-body scanner with handles, is heavily advertised—at least to the apps on my phone—and touted (by Hume) as the Next Big Thing in the world of body management. While the app is indeed glossy and inviting, I was shocked to discover how flimsy the hardware felt, that it lacked Wi-Fi, and that some features are locked behind a $100-a-year Hume Plus subscription plan. It works fine enough, but you can get results that are just as good with a cheaper device.

Garmin Index S2 for $191: Five years after its release, the Index S2 is still Garmin’s current model, a surprise for a company otherwise obsessed with fitness. It’s still noteworthy for its lovely color display, which walks you through its six body metrics (for up to 16 users) with each weigh-in. The display also provides your weight trend over time in graphical form and can even display the weather. The scale connects directly to Wi-Fi and Garmin’s cloud-based storage system, so you don’t need a phone nearby to track your progress, as with Bluetooth-only scales. A phone running the Garmin Connect app (Android, iOS) is handy, so you can keep track of everything over time. Unfortunately, as health apps go, Connect is a bit of a bear, so expect a learning curve—especially if you want to make changes to the way the scale works. You can turn its various LCD-screen widgets on or off in the app, but finding everything can be difficult due to the daunting scope of the Garmin ecosystem. The color screen is nice at first, but ultimately adds little to the package.

Omron BCM-500 for $92: With its large LCD panel, quartet of onboard buttons, and oversize silver electrodes, the Omron BCM-500 is an eye-catching masterwork of brutalist design. If your bathroom is decked out in concrete and wrought iron, this scale will fit right in. The Bluetooth unit syncs with Omron’s HeartAdvisor app (Android, iOS), but it provides all six of its body metrics directly on the scale, cycling through them with each weigh-in (for up to four users). It can be difficult to read the label for each of the data points, in part because the LCD isn’t backlit, but the app is somewhat easier to follow, offering front-page graphs of weight, skeletal muscle, and body fat. On the other hand, the presentation is rather clinical, and the app is surprisingly slow to sync. For a scale without a Wi-Fi connection, it’s rather expensive too.


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To Start Doing What You Want to Do, First Do Less

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To Start Doing What You Want to Do, First Do Less


This applies not just to things you have to do, but also things you think you want to do. Maybe you think you should learn Spanish, but you haven’t done anything to actually learn Spanish. Admitting that you aren’t actually committed to the idea enough to do the work of learning Spanish can help close that loop. Letting go of that feeling that you should learn Spanish just might be the thing that frees up your mind enough that you decide to take up paddleboarding on a whim. The point is that the new year isn’t just a time for starting something new. It’s a time to let go of the things from that past that are no longer serving you.

In many ways this is the antidote to that ever-so-popular slogan “Just do it.” Just do it implies that you shouldn’t think about it, instead of deciding what you really want to do or should do. Maybe spend some time remembering why you wanted to do it in the first place, and if those reasons no longer resonate with you, just don’t do it.

If you like this idea, I highly recommend getting Allen’s book. It goes into much more detail on this idea and has some practical advice on letting go. You can still keep track of those things, in case you do decide, years from now, when you’re paddleboarding through the Sea of Cortez, that now you really do want to learn Spanish and are willing to do the work.

Remember to Live

I will confess, my enthusiasm for Getting Things Done has waned over the years. Not because the system doesn’t work, but because I have found my life more dramatically improved by doing less, not more. It’s not that I’ve stopped getting things done. It’s that I’ve found many of the things I felt like I should do were not really my idea; they were ideas I’d internalized from other places. I didn’t really want to do them, so I didn’t, then I felt guilty about it.

While everything I’ve written above remains good advice for starting a healthy habit and keeping it going, it’s worth spending some time and making sure you know why you want to do what you’re doing. I have been rereading Bertrand Russell’s In Praise of Idleness, and this line jumped out at me: “The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake.”



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Oh No! A Free Scale That Tells Me My Stress Levels and Body Fat

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Oh No! A Free Scale That Tells Me My Stress Levels and Body Fat


I will admit to being afraid of scales—the kind that weigh you, not the ones on a snake. And so my first reaction to the idea I’d be getting a free body-scanning scale with a Factor prepared meal kit subscription was something akin to “Oh no!”

It’s always bad or shameful news, I figured, and maybe nothing I don’t already know. Though, as it turned out, I was wrong on both points.

Factor is, of course, the prepared meal brand from meal kit giant HelloFresh, which I’ve tested while reviewing dozens of meal kits this past year. Think delivery TV dinners, but actually fresh and never frozen. Factor meals are meant to be microwaved, but I found when I reviewed Factor last year that the meals actually tasted much better if you air-fry them (ideally using a Ninja Crispi, the best reheating device I know).

Especially, Factor excels at the low-carb and protein-rich diet that has become equally fashionable among people who want to lose weight and people who like to lift it. Hence, this scale. Factor would like you to be able to track your progress in gaining muscle mass, losing fat, or both. And then presumably keep using Factor to make your fitness or wellness goals.

While your first week of Factor comes at a discount right now, regular-price meals will be $14 to $15 a serving, plus $11 shipping per box. That’s less than most restaurant delivery, but certainly more than if you were whipping up these meals yourself.

If you subscribe between now and the end of March, the third Factor meal box will come with a free Withings Body Comp scale, which generally retails north of $200. The Withings doesn’t just weigh you. It scans your proportions of fat and bone and muscle, and indirectly measures stress levels and the elasticity of your blood vessels. It is, in fact, WIRED’s favorite smart scale, something like a fitness watch for your feet.

Anyway, to get the deal, use the code CONWITHINGS on Factor’s website, or follow the promo code link below.

Is It My Body

The scale that comes with the Factor subscription is about as fancy as it gets: a $200 Body Comp scale from high-tech fitness monitoring company Withings. The scale uses bioelectrical impedance analysis and some other proprietary methods in order to measure not just your weight but your body fat percentage, your lean muscle mass, your visceral fat, and your bone and water mass, your pulse rate, and even the stiffness of your arteries.

To get all this information, all you really need to do is stand on the scale for a few minutes. The scale will recognize you based on your weight (you’ll need to be accurate in describing yourself when you set up your profile for this to work), and then cycle through a series of measurements before giving you a cheery weather report for the day.

Withings

Body Comp Smart Scale

Your electrodermal activity—the “skin response via sweat gland stimulation in your feet”—provides a gauge of stress, or at least excitation. The Withings also purports to measure your arterial age, or stiffness, via the velocity of your blood with each heartbeat. This sounds esoteric, but it has some scientific backing.

Note that many physicians caution against taking indirect measurements of body composition as gospel. Other physicians counter that previous “gold standard” measurements aren’t perfectly accurate, either. It’s a big ol’ debate. For myself, I tend to take smart-scale measurements as a convenient way to track progress, and also a good home indicator for when there’s a problem that may require attention from a physician.

And so of course, I was petrified. So much bad news to get all at once! I figured.



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