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New non-volatile memory platform built with covalent organic frameworks

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New non-volatile memory platform built with covalent organic frameworks


The building block molecules, network formation by covalent bonds, shape dimorphism, scanning electron microscope images, and sln topology of the COFs developed (TK-COF-P and TK-COF-M). Credit: Yoichi Murakami, adapted from . Journal of the American Chemical Society (2025). DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c10010

Researchers at Institute of Science Tokyo have created a new material platform for non-volatile memories using covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are crystalline solids with high thermal stability. The researchers successfully installed electric-field-responsive dipolar rotors into COFs.

Due to the unique structure of the COFs, the dipolar rotors can flip in response to an without being hampered by a steric hindrance from the surroundings, and their orientation can be held at ambient temperature for a long time, which are necessary conditions for non-volatile memories. The study is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Humans have made great efforts to record information by inventing recording media such as clay, paper, compact disks, and semiconductor memories. As the physical entity that holds information—such as indentations, characters, pits, or transistors—becomes smaller and its becomes higher, the information is stored with higher density. In rewritable memories, the class called “non-volatile memories” are suitable for storing data for a long time, such as for days and years.

Recently, has evolved. One class of molecular technology consists of molecules that exhibit mechanical motions. They are called “molecular machines” or “nanomachines.” If a mechanical entity rotates or flips around a , which serves as an axis, the material class is particularly called “molecular rotors.”

Use of molecular rotors to store information may cause a breakthrough. This is because the size of molecules is a few orders of magnitude smaller than the sizes of pits in a compact disk and transistors in semiconductor memories, and are inherently highly designable. Although applications using molecular machines have been explored extensively, the attempts to develop non-volatile memories have been scarce, mainly because the simultaneous satisfaction of the following three requisites has been so challenging.

  1. To control the orientation of molecular rotors with an electric field, the rotors have to have a dipole—a spatial displacement of a positive charge and a negative charge necessary to gain a force from the applied electric field.
  2. The rotors must not flip at ambient temperatures so that their orientations are held for a long period.
  3. There must be adequate spaces around the rotors so that they can flip without being hampered by the steric hindrance that may be caused by the tight packing of the molecules in the . Additionally, the substance has to be heat durable up to the temperatures current computational components ordinarily undergo, which is often up to 150°C.

New materials developed by the researchers of Institute of Science Tokyo have achieved these three requisites simultaneously, with very high thermal durability up to near 400°C. By demonstrating these novelties for the first time, the researchers have created a material foundation for molecular-machine-based non-volatile memories that potentially store information at higher density than current technologies.

The researchers selected covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a platform for the aim. COFs are an emerging class of formed by periodically connecting two kinds of building block molecules by covalent bonds. For one building block, they chose a tetrahedral, four-handed molecule. For the other building block, they newly developed a flat, three-handed molecule in which three dipolar rotors (1,2-difluorophenyl, DFP) and three aryl groups are alternately positioned around the central benzene ring.

Previously, these aryl groups were shown to suppress the flip of the DFP rotors at ambient temperatures in a toluene solution, which satisfied requisites 1 and 2 above, but the high density of the molecular solid sterically hindered the flip of the rotors in the solid phase, which could not satisfy requisite 3.

Interestingly, the COFs they developed exhibited an unprecedented shape dimorphism, in which the COFs grew to a hexagonal prism shape or a membrane shape, depending on the solvent composition used for the growth. Furthermore, from X-ray structural analyses, these new COFs turned out to have an unprecedented sln topology, which has a low density inherently and has not been reported for COFs.

“Due to the substantially low density of about 0.2 g/cm3 caused by the unique sln topology possessed by the COFs, the dipole rotors incorporated into the periodic network constituting the COFs have adequate spaces around them, allowing them to flip without suffering from the steric hindrance from their surroundings.

“This is a breakthrough, because our COFs are a rare solid in which dipolar rotors can flip when they are brought to elevated temperatures above 200°C or undergo sufficiently strong electric fields, but their orientations can be held for a long time at ambient temperatures. These uniquenesses have been realized by our careful selection of the building block molecules to create the COFs for this aim,” says Professor Yoichi Murakami, the leader of this project.

Additionally, Murakami pointed out the significance of the work also exists in the extension of the diversity of COFs by their discoveries of sln topology and shape dimorphism, both of which were unknown for COFs previously.

These COF-based solids may be a new platform for storing information with further higher density after proper scale-up and device demonstration are made subsequently.

More information:
Xiaohan Wang et al, sln-Topological Covalent Organic Frameworks with Shape Dimorphism and Dipolar Rotors, Journal of the American Chemical Society (2025). DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c10010

Citation:
New non-volatile memory platform built with covalent organic frameworks (2025, September 5)
retrieved 5 September 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-volatile-memory-platform-built-covalent.html

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part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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Apple’s iPad Pro Is Tremendously Powerful, but Still a Bit Niche

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Apple’s iPad Pro Is Tremendously Powerful, but Still a Bit Niche


I opened DaVinci Resolve and started editing some 4K footage and everything felt buttery smooth, but more important is the fact that thanks to iPadOS 26, you’re able to complete rendering tasks in the background without needing to stay on the app. I hit the export and render button, swapped to another app, and … well, turns out DaVinci Resolve doesn’t support this new feature just yet, so I had to keep the app open for the render to complete. You shouldn’t have an issue on Final Cut Pro, though.

The most professional task I typically use with my iPad is editing RAW images in Adobe Lightroom, and, unsurprisingly, the M5 performed its duties with ease, even with my liberal use of Adobe’s AI-erase tool. However, I also didn’t really have much issue with this on the “weaker” iPad Air. What I find annoying is the fact that this powerful machine still only comes with one USB-C port. I can’t plug it into my camera and edit photos and charge the tablet at the same time; you need a USB hub.

Photograph: Julian Chokkattu

The iPad Pro is for a very specific type of person, and you probably know who you are. If you’re mostly editing photos and typing up documents like me, the iPad Air is more than sufficient. But if you’re regularly in apps like Final Cut Pro or generating all sorts of weird AI images, you may like the extra power the M5 iPad Pro provides—though you can certainly get by with the older M4 model and maybe save some cash.

But unlike the iPad Air, which is just affordable enough to exist as a nice complement to a MacBook for days you don’t want the bulk of a laptop, the Pro feels more like a choice you have to make between clamshell and slate because of its high price. At present, I’d probably pick up the new M5 MacBook Pro instead, but with more desktop apps coming to iPad, I don’t think you’ll have to wait too long until the iPad Pro finally becomes the touchscreen Mac of your dreams.



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Easter Island’s Moai Statues May Have Walked to Where They Now Stand

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Easter Island’s Moai Statues May Have Walked to Where They Now Stand


Easter Island statues, traditionally known as moai on the remote island of Rapa Nui in the South Pacific, are some of the most impressive artifacts of ancient Polynesian civilization. How the statues were transported has long remained a conundrum, because they can weigh up to several tons yet are scattered throughout the island. Various theories have been proposed, including that they were dragged on wooden sleds or rolled along the ground, but no supportive evidence has backed those claims.

In 2012, a US research team succeeded in propping up a 4.35-ton replica of a moai statue and making it “walk.” The technique, in which two teams using ropes tugged the statue in opposite directions to teeter it forward while a third team ensured it wouldn’t topple over, challenged the conventional theories that moai were moved in a horizontal position.

The question then is how much effort it would have taken to move much larger moai. “Once the moai are in motion, it’s not at all difficult,” explained Carl Lipo, an anthropologist at Binghamton University.

Lipo and his team systematically surveyed 962 moai statues on Easter Island, focusing primarily on 62 found along ancient roads. They recently published a paper providing strong evidence that moai were transported in an upright position.

The team also succeeded in moving an exact replica of roadside moai 100 meters in 40 minutes with only 18 people, a far more efficient result than those of previous experiments.

Researchers demonstrate how the Rapa Nui people may have “walked” moai.

Rules of the Road

The study discovered that moai statues positioned along Rapa Nui’s roads have common characteristics. The broad D-shaped base and forward leaning design of the statues optimized the moai for “walking,” even as they increased in size. In fact, moai abandoned by the side of the road were found to have imbalanced centers of gravity and show signs of toppling over during transport.

This hypothesis is also supported by the ancient roads themselves, which are approximately 4.5 meters wide and have slightly concave cross-sections. Researchers believe these were ideal conditions to aid in stabilizing the moai as they were walked.

A statistical analysis of the distribution of moai showed 51.6 percent were concentrated within 2 km of the quarry where they originated, demonstrating an exponential decay pattern associated with mechanical failure rather than deliberate ceremonial placement. It’s likely these statues were damaged or fell over during transport and left where they lay.



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One Tech Tip: How to prepare for outages that impact our online lives, from banking to chatting apps

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One Tech Tip: How to prepare for outages that impact our online lives, from banking to chatting apps


A Hulu mobile app shows it is not available during the Amazon Web Services outage, Monday, Oct. 20, 2025, in Chicago. Credit: AP Photo/Kiichiro Sato

A major Amazon Web Services outage disrupted scores of online platforms on Monday—leaving people around the world unable to access some banks, chatting apps, online food ordering and more.

History shows these kinds of system outages can be short-lived, and are often minor inconveniences—such as placing a lunch order in person or waiting a few hours for a to come back online—than long-term problems, but recovery can be a bumpy road. And for people trying to move money, communicate with loved ones or work using impacted services, disruptions are especially stressful.

Consumers may not realize how many platforms they use rely on the same back-end technology. AWS is one of only a handful of major cloud service providers that businesses, governments, universities and other organizations rely on. Monday’s is an important reminder of that—and experts stress it’s important to diversify our online lives where we can, or even have some “old school” alternatives to turn to as a backup plan.

“Don’t put all your eggs in one digital basket,” said Lee McKnight, an associate professor at Syracuse University’s School of Information Studies, noting these kinds of outages aren’t going away anytime soon.

So what, if anything, can you do to prepare for disruptions? Here are a few tips.

Keep your money in more than one place

During Monday’s AWS disruptions, users on outage tracker Downdetector reported problems with platforms like Venmo and online broker Robinhood. Banks such as Halifax and Lloyds also said some of their services were temporarily affected, although some customers continued to report lingering issues.

Even if short-lived, outages that impact and other can be among the most stressful, particularly if a consumer is waiting on a paycheck, trying to pay rent, checking on investment funds or making purchases. While much of your stress will depend on the scope and length of disruptions, experts say a good rule of thumb is to park your money in multiple places.

“I’m a big fan of holding multiple accounts that can give us access, to some degree, of funds at any given time,” said Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst at Bankrate. This underlines the importance of having an emergency savings account, he explains, or other accounts separate from something like day-to-day checking account, for example.

Keeping some cash in a safe place is also a good idea, he adds—and emergency preparedness agencies similarly recommend having physical money on hand in case of a natural disaster or power failures. Still, it’s important to keep hoarding in moderation.

“We shouldn’t go overboard, because we can lose cash—it can be stolen or misplaced,” Hamrick said. And in terms of prudent financial practices overall, he explains, you also don’t want to have lots of money “stored under a mattress” if it could instead be earning interest in a bank.

Depending on the scope of the outage, some other options could still be available.

If digital banking apps are offline, for example, consumers may still be able to visit a branch in person, or call a representative over the phone—although wait times during widespread disruptions are often longer. And if the disruptions are tied to a third-party provider, as seen with AWS on Monday, it’s not always something a bank or other impacted business can fix on its own.

Have backup communication channels

Monday’s AWS outage also impacted some communications platforms, including social media site Snapchat and messaging app Signal.

In our ever-digitized world, people have become all the more reliant on online channels to call or chat with loved ones, communicate in the workplace and more. And while it can be easy to become accustomed to certain apps or platforms, experts note that outages serve as an important reminder to have backup plans in place.

That could take the form of simply making sure you can reach those who you speak to regularly across different apps, again depending on the scope of disruption. If broader internet and cloud services that smartphones rely on are impacted, you may need to turn to more traditional phone calls and SMS text messages.

SMS texting relies on “an older telecom infrastructure,” McKnight explains. For that reason, he notes that it’s important to have contacts for SMS texting up to date, “and not just the fancier and more fun services that we use day to day” in case of an emergency.

Meanwhile, there can also be outages that specifically impact phone services. For non-cloud service outages in the past, impacted carriers have suggested users try Wi-Fi calling on both iPhones and Android devices.

Save your work across multiple platforms—and monitor service updates

Overall, McKnight suggests “building out your own personal, multi-cloud strategy.”

For online work or projects, that could look like storing documents across multiple platforms—such as Google Drive, Dropbox and iCloud, McKnight explains. It’s important to recognize potential security risks and make sure all of your accounts are secure, he adds, but “having some diversity in how you store information” could also reduce headaches when and if certain services are disrupted.

Many businesses may also have their own workarounds or contingency plans in case the technology they use goes offline. While a wider recovery from Monday’s outage is still largely reliant on Amazon’s wider mitigation efforts, individual platforms’ social media or online status pages may have updates or details about alternative operations.

You can also check outage trackers like Downdetector to see if others are experiencing similar problems.

Even after recovery, experts also suggest checking payments, online orders and messages you may have sent during or close to the outage—in case something didn’t go through.

© 2025 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

Citation:
One Tech Tip: How to prepare for outages that impact our online lives, from banking to chatting apps (2025, October 21)
retrieved 21 October 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-tech-outages-impact-online-banking.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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