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Overview of oil, natural gas, rare earth minerals

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Overview of oil, natural gas, rare earth minerals


Natural Resources of Venezuela: Overview of oil, natural gas, rare earth minerals 

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is located alongside the South America’s Caribbean coast. Its neighbouring countries are Brazil and Columbia. Having a total area of 912,050 km2 and a land area of 882,050 km2, Venezuela is enriched with natural resources.

Natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, diamonds, and other minerals.

Oil

The country holds one of the largest oil reserves in the world and is a founder member of Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Statistical Review of World Energy revealed that proven oil reserves of Venezuela were around 300 billion barrels (4.8x1010m3) as of January 1, 2014.

However, the 2019 BP Statistical Review of World Energy reveals that Venezuela’s total proved reserves rose to 303.3 billion barrels, which is slightly more than Saudi Arabia (297.7 billion barrels).

Natural Resources of Venezuela: Overview of oil, natural gas, rare earth minerals

Besides conventional oil reserves, Venezuela has oil sands deposits similar in size to those of Canada in the Orinoco Belt. They are approximately equivalent to the world’s reserves of conventional oil.

It is reported that around 100 billion barrels to 270 billion barrels are the recoverable reserves of the Orinoco Belt. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Orinoco Belt alone contains 900-1,400 billion barrels of heavy crude in proven and unproven deposits.

Of this, only 380-652 billion barrels can be technically recoverable. This makes the country’s total reserves (proven and unproven) among the largest in the world.

Gold

Venezuela has significant gold resources, mainly located in the Guiana Shield in the southeast of the country. Gold mining began in the 1800s, and by the early 1970s, about 187 metric tons had been officially produced. The El Callao district is Venezuela’s most crucial gold area, having produced over 124 metric tons of gold and once being the world’s leading gold mine. Other districts, such as Kilometer 88, Lo Increíble, and Marwani, also contain gold in similar geological settings.

Diamond

Venezuela is also naturally endowed with diamonds. Its Guiana Shield is the central diamond-producing region. The Quebrada Grande area and the San Salvador de Paul mine have historically been the most prominent producers, reportedly accounting for over 90% diamond production in the 1975-1980 period.

Iron

Venezuela also has significant iron resources, mainly in banded iron formations (BIFs) of the Archean Imataca Complex. Currently, the high-grade reserves have exceeded 1,866 million metric tons at Cerro Bolivar, San Isidro, and Los Barrancos, grading about 63% iron. Combining with lower-grade materials, total reserves can reach up to 8,000-10,000 million metric tons.

Aluminum

After oil, Venezuela’s alumina industry is the second-largest foreign-currency earner. In 1987, the country produced about 1,347,000 mt of alumina and 428,000 mt of aluminum metal. Significant deposits are found at Los Pijiguaos, Upata, Nuria, Los Guaicas, and Gran Sabana. Los Pijiguaos alone holds around 700 million mt of proven and potential reserves.

Manganese

Manganese deposits are present in the greenstone belts of the Archean Imataca Complex, at locations such as San Cristobal, La Esperanza, El Palmar, Guacuripia, Upata, and El Pao. The ores are secondly enriched, containing pyrolusite, cryptomelane, and psilomelane, with total reserves in the Upata-El Palmar-Guacuripia area around 1 million mt, averaging 20-25% Mn.

Tin

Tin occurs in placer, eluvial, and lode deposits in western Bolivar State and Amazon Federal Territory, especially around Cano Aguamena. Alongside Tin, associated minerals include cassiterite, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, and titanium minerals. Although resources are not well-defined, drill samples show 0.01-0.77% tin in heavy minerals.

Niobium, Tantalum, Rare Earth Minerals (REE)

These are primarily linked to pegmatites in Parguaza granite and the Imataca Complex, with the richest deposit at Cerro Impacto, a weathered carbonatite. Lateritic soils here are enriched in Fe, Mn, Al, Ba, Th, Nb, Ti, and REE (Cerium, Lanthanum, and Neodymium). Other minerals include gorceixite, goyazite, florencite, bastanaesite, and monazite. The most significant source is Cerro Impacto.

Uranium

Uranium occurrences are scattered, primarily as radiometric anomalies in the Guiana Shield. Key areas include the Churuata ring structure and parts of the Roraima Group.

Venezuela is endowed with abundant natural resources, including petroleum, minerals, and metals, offering significant economic potential, though many deposits remain underexplored, and development varies across regions.





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Netflix set to release new show following ex-Prince Andrew arrest

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Netflix set to release new show following ex-Prince Andrew arrest


Ex-Prince Andrew to get Netflix special post-arrest in Epstein scandal

Ex-Prince Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor is at the center of Hollywood’s latest race for royal drama.

Netflix is reportedly considering reviving The Crown for a limited series chronicling his downfall following his arrest in connection with Jeffrey Epstein.

The former Duke of York was arrested on February 19, his 66th birthday, on suspicion of misconduct in public office after allegedly forwarding confidential trade documents to Epstein.

His arrest, described as “historic and unprecedented” by insiders, has sparked fierce competition among studios to dramatize the scandal.

According to sources to Daily Mail, Netflix and The Crown producers Left Bank Pictures have been in “advanced talks” about creating one-off specials under the show’s banner.

Insider described the potential saga as “as dramatic, if not more dramatic” than the abdication of Edward VIII or Princess Diana’s death, both previously covered in the original series.

Disney Studios and Amazon MGM are also circling the story.

“We have been bombarded with screenwriters wanting to bring this story to us. The race is on in Hollywood to be the first studio to bring out an Andrew film,” a Disney source told the outlet.

Screenwriter Jeremy Brock, who penned Amazon MGM’s A Very Royal Scandal, echoed the sentiment.

He told the outlet both Netflix and Amazon are “100 percent” in talks to make a drama based on the scandal.

Royal Fallout

King Charles has issued a statement expressing his “deepest concern,” stressing that “the law must take its course.”

Meanwhile, the British government is debating legislation that could remove Andrew from the royal line of succession.





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Zack Snyder backs ‘Batman v Superman’ 10 years after release

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Zack Snyder backs ‘Batman v Superman’ 10 years after release


Zack Snyder backs ‘Batman v Superman’ 10 years after release

Zack Snyder has marked the 10th anniversary of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with a not-so-subtle defence of the film, and a few revealing stories about just how contentious it was, even before it reached cinemas.

Appearing on the Happy Sad Confused podcast, Snyder looked back on the 2016 comic book tentpole, which opened to largely negative reviews on 25th March of that year but still went on to gross $874 million worldwide. 

A decade on, the director shows no sign of second-guessing his choices.

“My 100% honest reaction to BvS and how it’s received in the world is… Do you really want a movie that’s had all the edges shaved off it by the focus groups?” he said. 

“Do you really want a movie where the decisions have been made in a boardroom, or tested ideas have been rendered for your enjoyment? Do you really want the Kmart version of your story? Is that what you really want?”

Reflecting on the broader reaction to the film and his approach to the DC characters, Snyder was philosophical. 

“You realize then that we were kicking the zeitgeist in the n-ts and that we were going to anger people,” he said. 

“Not only do they not want their heroes deconstructed, they don’t want their heroes battling each other on a road to deconstructing the why of their existence. That’s another sacrilege.”

Batman v Superman was the second film in what became known online as the SnyderVerse, following Man of Steel and leading into Justice League, a production that took on a life of its own after Snyder departed due to a family tragedy and Joss Whedon was brought in to complete it.

The subsequent fan campaign to release Snyder’s original cut became one of the most vocal movements in modern cinema history, eventually resulting in Zack Snyder’s Justice League debuting on HBO Max in 2021.

Snyder spoke warmly about those fans, pushing back on criticism of their reputation. 

“The fans should never forget they did that. They also raised a ton of money for suicide prevention. They did a lot of good. They catch a lot of flak for being toxic or whatever, but they literally saved human lives. You can go f–k yourselves if that’s what you think.”

The SnyderVerse ultimately ended before he could complete his planned trilogy of Justice League films, though he hasn’t entirely closed the door on revisiting those stories in other formats. 

“We live in a world where all that is possible,” he said, confirming he has “absolutely talked about” bringing those unmade films to life through animation or comics.





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Lisa Rinna breaks silence on longtime feud with Andy Cohen

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Lisa Rinna breaks silence on longtime feud with Andy Cohen


Lisa Rinna breaks silence on longtime feud with Andy Cohen

Lisa Rinna and Andy Cohen have put their very public falling out behind them, with the former Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star confirming the two have reconciled after three years of tension.

The rift between them dated back to Cohen’s memoir, in which the Bravo executive shared private text messages exchanged between himself and Rinna surrounding her exit from RHOBH in 2023, a move that caused a significant fracture in what had been a long friendship. 

But in an interview with E! News, Rinna, 62, made clear that things have moved on.

“As humans, we evolve, we grow, we change and we learn from things,” she said. 

“Andy and I have done that. I’ve pissed him off. He’s pissed me off. We’ve gone through a lot, and he really is a dear friend.” She added with a laugh, “He’s always been a champion, until he hasn’t.”

The reconciliation happened when Rinna recently returned to Watch What Happens Live for her first appearance since the feud began. 

Cohen, 57, used the occasion to apologise to her in person, and by all accounts it was a meaningful moment for both of them. 

“It was a beautiful moment,” Rinna told E! News, describing it as “life-changing, healing and cathartic.” 

She added, “We really do respect one another and care for one another. I just was so moved by it. It meant the world to me.”

For anyone wondering whether the reunion signals a return to RHOBH, Rinna was characteristically blunt. “No,” she said simply. “I’m grateful for my time at Bravo. I learned a lot.”





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