Business
Poor planning not deforestation to blame for devastation | The Express Tribune

ISLAMABAD:
Pakistan inherited the legacy of British Forestry institutional and legal framework. Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (K-P) holds 40% of the country’s forest share, making it the richest province in this respect.
Within K-P, 14.1% of the total land area is covered with forests. The northern, north-western, and eastern parts of K-P are steep and mountainous, making them highly vulnerable to erosion and landslides.
Yet, these forests provide freshwater to major rivers running from north to south of the country. They also offer habitat for biodiversity, promote tourism, preserve natural beauty, and stabilise climate impacts on humans and other species.
Forests act as the lungs of Pakistan by absorbing carbon dioxide and supplying oxygen through carbon sequestration. They balance the environment in both time and space. Beyond these services, they provide food, shelter, fruit, and livelihoods. Forestry plays many roles in stabilising nature, but flood and erosion control is one of the most vital.
Forests and their ecosystems stabilise soil and protect it from erosion. The K-P forest department, working with local communities, forest landowners, and other stakeholders, carries out plantation drives twice a year during spring and monsoon seasons.
Major programmes include the Tarbela watershed plantation, social and farm forestry, Kalam integrated forestry, and the Billion and Ten Billion Tree plantation drives. Recently, the Green Pakistan Programme was also launched.
Hundreds of thousands of acres have been planted and protected through natural regeneration. Some of these projects received technical and financial support from the World Bank, WFP, GIZ, KFW, USAID, FAO, Dutch agencies, and UN organisations, while others were locally supported.
The Billion Tree programme was entirely funded by K-P, while the Ten Billion and Green Pakistan initiatives were financed jointly by the provinces and the federation.
Pakistan gained significant recognition for these pioneering projects, particularly the Billion and Ten Billion Tree programmes. They helped the country achieve the Bonn Challenge; restoring 150 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2020 and targeting 350 million hectares by 2030. These efforts brought international goodwill and respect for Pakistan’s commitment to forestry.
Despite these achievements, the recent floods in K-P sparked criticism, with some blaming deforestation for the devastation. Most critics, however, are either non-professionals or using the argument for point-scoring.
Monsoon rains have been part of the region’s history for centuries, and the north-eastern parts of K-P regularly receive heavy showers. Flood disasters are not unique to Pakistan, India, China, and other regional countries also face similar challenges.
Forests do reduce the intensity of rainfall by intercepting drops, but steep terrain, surface runoff, and soil saturation often result in flash floods regardless. Trees are living entities with life cycles, and their timber supports many needs at an economically viable age.
Exploitation beyond carrying capacity poses risks, but the forest department is already regulating usage under forestry laws. Importantly, Pakistan also achieved its first carbon credits in the forestry sector for mangrove restoration in Sindh.
If deforestation alone were responsible for floods, then how do we explain Karachi’s crisis? With less than two days of rain, life in the city is paralysed, schools close, offices shut, and people face severe losses. Karachi is flat and barely above sea level, yet devastation is immense.
In contrast, K-P has endured downpours for nearly two weeks. This contrast highlights the real culprits: unplanned infrastructure and obstruction of natural waterways.
Blaming forests or climate change alone oversimplifies the issue. Climate change is indeed a pressing factor, but it is often discussed superficially.
A look back at the Ice Age reveals that CO2 once fell below 190 ppm, with the lowest levels at 182 ppm. Below 150 ppm, most terrestrial plants could not survive. This shows that while global warming beyond tolerable limits is dangerous, some degree of warming is essential for life on Earth. Human responsibility for pushing warming beyond safe thresholds cannot be ignored.
Most natural forests in K-P belong to local communities but are managed by the forest department. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that only 7% of forests are government-owned, while 93% belong to people and communities.
Legal forest categories in K-P include reserved forests, which are government-owned, and protected or Guzara forests, which belong to local people but are managed by the department. Community and private forests also exist.
In the early 1970s, the K-P forest department-initiated tree plantations and soil conservation on private grazing lands in the Tarbela watershed. Agreements with landowners allowed planting of trees and soil conservation to reduce erosion and prolong Tarbela reservoir’s life.
Accusing the forest department alone for deforestation is therefore unjustified, since most forests belong to communities. Still, under law, the department must manage them to protect ecosystems. Property rights, community ownership, and open access make management highly challenging.
Another obstacle is the sheer scale of forest areas, which are open and boundary-less, unlike urban banks that are heavily guarded yet still robbed. Expecting forest staff to control vast, open lands without strong governance structures is unrealistic.
Thus, the issue goes deeper than forestry staff or tree cover. It is about poverty, community rights, and governance. Policymakers must recognise these ground realities.
Strengthening forest protection requires supporting local communities, reducing poverty-driven dependence on forests, and improving management practices. Only then can K-P’s forests be safeguarded while also minimising flood risks.
THE WRITER HOLDS A PHD IN FORESTRY AND IS A CLIMATE CHANGE, FORESTRY, AND ENVIRONMENT EXPERT
Business
Trade talks: India, EU wrap up 14th round of FTA negotiations; push on to seal deal by December – The Times of India

India and the 27-nation European Union (EU) have concluded the 14th round of negotiations for a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) in Brussels, as both sides look to resolve outstanding issues and move closer to signing the deal by the end of the year, PTI reported citing an official.The five-day round, which began on October 6, focused on narrowing gaps across key areas of trade in goods and services. Indian negotiators were later joined by Commerce Secretary Rajesh Agrawal in the final days to provide additional momentum to the talks.During his visit, Agrawal held discussions with Sabine Weyand, Director General for Trade at the European Commission, as both sides worked to accelerate progress on the long-pending trade pact.Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently said he was hopeful that the two sides would be able to sign the agreement soon. Goyal is also expected to travel to Brussels to meet his EU counterpart Maros Sefcovic for a high-level review of the progress made so far.Both India and the EU have set an ambitious target to conclude the negotiations by December, officials familiar with the matter said, PTI reported.Negotiations for a comprehensive trade pact between India and the EU were relaunched in June 2022 after a hiatus of more than eight years. The process had been suspended in 2013 due to significant differences over market access and tariff liberalisation.The EU has sought deeper tariff cuts in sectors such as automobiles and medical devices, alongside reductions in duties on products including wine, spirits, meat, and poultry. It has also pressed for a stronger intellectual property framework as part of the agreement.For India, the proposed pact holds potential to make key export categories such as ready-made garments, pharmaceuticals, steel, petroleum products, and electrical machinery more competitive in the European market.The India-EU trade pact talks span 23 policy chapters covering areas such as trade in goods and services, investment protection, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, technical barriers to trade, rules of origin, customs procedures, competition, trade defence, government procurement, dispute resolution, geographical indications, and sustainable development.India’s bilateral trade in goods with the EU stood at $136.53 billion in 2024–25, comprising exports worth $75.85 billion and imports valued at $60.68 billion — making the bloc India’s largest trading partner for goods.The EU accounts for nearly 17 per cent of India’s total exports, while India represents around 9 per cent of the bloc’s overall exports to global markets. Bilateral trade in services between the two partners was estimated at $51.45 billion in 2023.
Business
Indias Real Estate Equity Inflows Jump 48 Pc In Q3 2025: Report

NEW DELHI: Equity investments in India’s real estate sector jumped 48 per cent year-on-year to $3.8 billion in the July-September period (Q3), a report said on Friday. This growth in inflow was primarily fuelled by capital deployment into land or development sites and built-up office and retail assets, according to the report by real estate consulting firm CBRE South Asia.
In the first nine months of 2025, the equity investments increased by 14 per cent on-year to $10.2 billion — from $8.9 billion in the same period last year.
The report highlighted that land or development sites and built-up office and retail assets accounted for more than 90 per cent of the total capital inflows during Q3 2025.
On the category of investors, developers remained the primary drivers of capital deployment, contributing 45 per cent of the total equity inflows, followed by Institutional investors with a 33 per cent share.
CBRE reported that Mumbai attracted the highest investments at 32 per cent, followed by Pune at around 18 per cent and Bengaluru at nearly 16 per cent.
Anshuman Magazine, Chairman and CEO – India, South-East Asia, Middle East and Africa, CBRE, said that the healthy inflow of domestic capital demonstrates the sector’s resilience and depth.
“In the upcoming quarters, greenfield developments are likely to continue witnessing a robust momentum, with a healthy spread across residential, office, mixed-use, data centres, and I&L sectors,” he added.
In addition to global institutional investors, Indian sponsors accounted for a significant part of the total inflows.
“India’s ability to combine strong domestic capital with global institutional participation will remain a key differentiator in 2026 and beyond,” added Gaurav Kumar, Managing Director, Capital Markets and Land, CBRE India.
CBRE forecasts a strong finish for the investment activity in 2025, fuelled by capital deployment into built-up office and retail assets.
For the office sector, the limited availability of investible core assets for acquisition indicate that opportunistic bets are likely to continue gaining traction, the report noted.
Business
EY and Microsoft launch AI skills passport: Free program to train youth in AI; focus on career growth – The Times of India

EY and Microsoft on Saturday launched the AI Skills Passport, a free online learning initiative aimed at equipping Indian students and early-career professionals with essential artificial intelligence (AI) skills. The program targets individuals aged 16 and above and is designed to bridge the country’s growing AI skills gap, according to an EY statement, ANI reported.Part of a global effort that has already engaged over 40,000 participants worldwide, the AI Skills Passport offers self-paced learning modules spanning around 10 hours, available in both English and Hindi. The curriculum covers AI fundamentals, responsible AI, and practical applications across sectors including healthcare, finance, and technology. Participants also receive guidance on job readiness, including resume tips, interview support, and networking insights.Learners who complete the program are awarded a verifiable digital badge, enhancing their professional profiles. The initiative is part of EY Ripples, EY’s global corporate responsibility programme, and will partner with not-for-profit organisations to ensure students from economically weaker backgrounds have access to mentorship, learning, and career guidance.Monesh Dange, Partner and Leader, Alliances and Ecosystems, EY India, said, “In an era where AI is revolutionising work, the AI Skills Passport addresses India’s urgent need for skilled talent. Together with Microsoft, we aim to ensure the program is accessible and impactful at scale.”Bhaskar Basu, Enterprise Partnerships Leader, Microsoft India & South Asia, added, “AI is transforming India’s digital economy, and youth are at its core. The AI Skills Passport brings high-quality AI learning to everyone, accelerating Microsoft’s goal to equip 10 million Indians with AI skills by 2030.”
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