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Researchers propose a new model for legible, modular software

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Researchers propose a new model for legible, modular software


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Coding with large language models (LLMs) holds huge promise, but it also exposes some long-standing flaws in software: code that’s messy, hard to change safely, and often opaque about what’s really happening under the hood. Researchers at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) are charting a more “modular” path ahead.

Their new approach breaks systems into “concepts,” separate pieces of a system, each designed to do one job well, and “synchronizations,” explicit rules that describe exactly how those pieces fit together. The result is software that’s more modular, transparent, and easier to understand.

A small domain-specific language (DSL) makes it possible to express synchronizations simply, in a form that LLMs can reliably generate. In a real-world case study, the team showed how this method can bring together features that would otherwise be scattered across multiple services. The paper is published in the Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software.

The team, including Daniel Jackson, an MIT professor of electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) and CSAIL associate director, and Eagon Meng, an EECS Ph.D. student, CSAIL affiliate, and designer of the new synchronization DSL, explore this approach in their paper “What You See Is What It Does: A Structural Pattern for Legible Software,” which they presented at the Splash Conference in Singapore in October.

The challenge, they explain, is that in most modern systems, a single feature is never fully self-contained. Adding a “share” button to a social platform like Instagram, for example, doesn’t live in just one service. Its functionality is split across code that handles posting, notification, authenticating users, and more. All these pieces, despite being scattered across the code, must be carefully aligned, and any change risks unintended side effects elsewhere.

Jackson calls this “feature fragmentation,” a central obstacle to software reliability. “The way we build software today, the functionality is not localized. You want to understand how ‘sharing’ works, but you have to hunt for it in three or four different places, and when you find it, the connections are buried in low-level code,” says Jackson.

Concepts and synchronizations are meant to tackle this problem. A concept bundles up a single, coherent piece of functionality, like sharing, liking, or following, along with its state and the actions it can take. Synchronizations, on the other hand, describe at a higher level how those concepts interact.

Rather than writing messy low-level integration code, developers can use a small domain-specific language to spell out these connections directly. In this DSL, the rules are simple and clear: one concept’s action can trigger another, so that a change in one piece of state can be kept in sync with another.

“Think of concepts as modules that are completely clean and independent. Synchronizations then act like contracts—they say exactly how concepts are supposed to interact. That’s powerful because it makes the system both easier for humans to understand and easier for tools like LLMs to generate correctly,” says Jackson.

“Why can’t we read code like a book? We believe that software should be legible and written in terms of our understanding: our hope is that concepts map to familiar phenomena, and synchronizations represent our intuition about what happens when they come together,” says Meng.

The benefits extend beyond clarity. Because synchronizations are explicit and declarative, they can be analyzed, verified, and of course generated by an LLM. This opens the door to safer, more automated software development, where AI assistants can propose new features without introducing hidden side effects.

In their , the researchers assigned features like liking, commenting, and sharing each to a single concept—like a microservices architecture, but more modular. Without this pattern, these features were spread across many services, making them hard to locate and test. Using the concepts-and-synchronizations approach, each feature became centralized and legible, while the synchronizations spelled out exactly how the concepts interacted.

The study also showed how synchronizations can factor out common concerns like error handling, response formatting, or persistent storage. Instead of embedding these details in every service, synchronization can handle them once, ensuring consistency across the system.

More advanced directions are also possible. Synchronizations could coordinate distributed systems, keeping replicas on different servers in step, or allow shared databases to interact cleanly. Weakening semantics could enable eventual consistency while still preserving clarity at the architectural level.

Jackson sees potential for a broader cultural shift in software development. One idea is the creation of “concept catalogs,” shared libraries of well-tested, domain-specific concepts. Application development could then become less about stitching code together from scratch and more about selecting the right concepts and writing the synchronizations between them.

“Concepts could become a new kind of high-level programming language, with synchronizations as the programs written in that language. It’s a way of making the connections in software visible,” says Jackson. “Today, we hide those connections in code. But if you can see them explicitly, you can reason about the software at a much higher level. You still have to deal with the inherent complexity of features interacting. But now it’s out in the open, not scattered and obscured.”

“Building software for on abstractions from underlying computing machines has burdened the world with software that is all too often costly, frustrating, even dangerous, to understand and use,” says University of Virginia Associate Professor Kevin Sullivan, who wasn’t involved in the research.

“The impacts (such as in health care) have been devastating. Meng and Jackson flip the script and insist on building interactive software on abstractions from human understanding, which they call ‘concepts.’ They combine expressive mathematical logic and natural language to specify such purposeful abstractions, providing a basis for verifying their meanings, composing them into systems, and refining them into programs fit for human use. It’s a new and important direction in the theory and practice of software design that bears watching.”

“It’s been clear for many years that we need better ways to describe and specify what we want software to do,” adds Thomas Ball, Lancaster University honorary professor and University of Washington affiliate faculty, who also wasn’t involved in the research. “LLMs’ ability to generate code has only added fuel to the specification fire. Meng and Jackson’s work on concept design provides a promising way to describe what we want from software in a modular manner. Their concepts and specifications are well-suited to be paired with LLMs to achieve the designer’s intent.”

Looking ahead, the researchers hope their work can influence how both industry and academia think about software architecture in the age of AI. “If software is to become more trustworthy, we need ways of writing it that make its intentions transparent,” says Jackson. “Concepts and synchronizations are one step toward that goal.”

More information:
Eagon Meng et al, What You See Is What It Does: A Structural Pattern for Legible Software, Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (2025). DOI: 10.1145/3759429.3762628

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The WIRED Gear Team’s Tips on Ways to Save Money

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The WIRED Gear Team’s Tips on Ways to Save Money


The Iran war has spiked gas prices. The RAM crisis has spiked prices on electronics. A wide swath of imported goods costs more than before due to Trump’s tariffs. Right now, your wallet is likely feeling the squeeze.

It’s a tumultuous time, and the constant media barrage of doom and gloom doesn’t help ease anxieties. It’s also hard to figure out when things will get better, so you’re stuck in a rut of worrying about finances. It’s OK. Take a breath. The first thing to remember, according to “The Budgetnista” Tiffany Aliche, is that the economy is cyclical.

“I’ve lived long enough to see many ‘worst times,’” Aliche says. She’s a financial educator and author of The New York Times Best Seller Get Good with Money. “Well, if it is the worst time, what the hell can I do about it? Sometimes you have to take the apps off your phone. I took Instagram off my phone, and I allow myself to check it on my laptop, which is far less addictive.”

Constrict your doomscrolling so you won’t feel the constant anxieties from the day’s news. Now, how can you actually find ways to conserve and save money? First, look at tightening your spending as much as possible. Aliche says you should analyze your credit card statements and see exactly where your money is going. Is there any wiggle room? Can you cut a few subscriptions to save a few bucks every month? She calls it the ramen noodle budget.

Once you make those adjustments, it’s worth thinking about bigger changes. It might be that those plans never have to come to fruition—like moving in with parents or getting a roommate to save money on housing. “Make the doomsday plan,” she says. “You don’t have to act on it now, but what is that plan if things really get rough, and start having those conversations.”

Sean Pyles, producer and host of NerdWallet’s Smart Money podcast (also a certified financial planner), echoed Aliche’s sentiment of starting with your most recent spending to see where your money is going, and see if it aligns with your values and goals. Do you really need to Uber everywhere? He’s also a fan of keeping a level head and avoiding rash decisions, especially when there’s a lot of volatility in the stock market. Focus on your time horizon instead, and ignore the swings in the market.

“The wiser step is to ignore it as noise and realize that this is someone else’s problem, not mine right now,” he says. “Focus on what you can control. Maybe you have a financial goal to save for a vacation or a wedding, or it is your retirement you’re investing for now—do what you can to make sure you’re on track to meet those goals.”

It’s prudent to build up an emergency fund. Aliche recommends saving up ideally six months of your noodle budget, which you’d typically spend on necessities like rent, mortgage, and utilities. Both Aliche and Pyles suggested automating your finances as much as you can. Set it up so that you have some cash—maybe $100—going into your emergency fund every paycheck. Aliche says you can even ask your employer to split your salary so that it goes into specific accounts, like half of it going into a checking account and the other half going to a high-yield savings account.

Expert Tips on Saving Money

With those budgeting tips in mind, I also asked the writers and editors on WIRED’s Gear and Reviews teams—along with Aliche and Pyles—for ways they save money, whether that’s through specific gear they own or services they use. Hopefully, some of these suggestions can help you save some cash not just now but whenever you’re in a pinch.

Cardmaxxing

“I have been really relying on my credit card points and doing what I can to maximize the points I’ve been earning on everyday purchases. If you have a solid credit card that’s getting a good reward rate for things like going out to eat or taking ride shares, that can actually offset the cost of summer travel, because we’ve seen jet fuel prices go up a lot recently. This might be a great time to cash in the points you have just sitting in your credit card account not being used.” —Sean Pyles

Energy Savings

“I have the Google [Nest] Thermostat—I travel a lot, so I have the thermostat on my phone. So if I’m not going to be at home, then I’m like, who’s heating the house? I’m not home, I don’t care. To a certain degree, obviously, you don’t want to freeze your pipes. Lean into your thermostat … use smart technology so that you’re not using energy in a way that’s inefficient.” —Tiffany Aliche

Baby Bonanza

My wife and I are both practiced deal hunters, so much so that she was actually excited when I told her I landed her engagement ring from an upscale consignment store. (I got it at half price!) She’s always been the pro to my amateur, but with the addition of our first child, she transitioned to fully operational Deals Terminator, where she zeroed in on a variety of resources to help us land most of our baby stuff for 10 cents on the dollar (or less).

We started by hitting up friends and family, but whatever we couldn’t procure from hand-me-downs has come from a mixture of local consignment stores, sites like Facebook Marketplace and Buy Nothing, Poshmark, and even good old-fashioned eBay. Swap programs like Just Between Friends are another great way to keep your baby clothed, and we’ve kept our library fresh by hitting up used bookstores as well as Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library, which grants you one free book a month. Virtually everything you buy in these early stages will be gone in a year or two at most. That makes going cheap on essentials a must for keeping costs down. Ryan Waniata

Free Ride

Back in 2022, I wrote about how Filson’s Dryden Duffle Pack was hands down my favorite gear item ever. Then Filson killed it. The folly of discontinuing what was at the time the best bag in the world wasn’t lost on Huckberry, mind you, who, realizing Filson’s error, collaborated with the brand to bring a version back for its store. Now, finally seeing the error of its ways, Filson has resurrected the peerless Duffle Pack itself.

Why do I tell you this? Well, the money-saving genius of this bag lies in its ability to morph between a hand-carry, standard shoulder duffel, and a rucksack, thanks to two backpack straps cleverly hidden in the base. When I fly, I shun cabin cases in favor of the Duffle Pack, because low-cost, money-grabbing budget airlines increasingly like to charge extra for taking overhead carry-on cases onto a flight. Backpacks are usually free. You can easily fit a week’s worth of clothes, toiletries, tech (yes, there’s even a dedicated 16-inch laptop pocket), adapters, cables, and more into the Duffle Pack’s cavernous 46 liters of space. All you then need to do is waltz onto your flight with the trusty Filson in backpack mode, and you won’t have paid one cent extra. Jeremy White

Too Good to Go

The Too Good to Go app.

Courtesy of Too Good to Go

I’ve gobbled up so many delicious snacks, like artisanal conchas, and hefty dinners, like Mission-style burritos, at a discounted rate by using the Too Good to Go app (Android, iOS). Restaurants and bakers list their unsold food at the end of the day for people to buy through TGTG. While sometimes the portions can be on the smaller end, and you don’t get to pick what you get, the app is a reliable option for cheap, late-night munchies. Reece Rogers

Buy Used

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A user browsing Facebook on a computer in Tunis, Tunisia.Photograph: Imen Ben Youssef/Getty Images

A great deal of furniture in my home was acquired through Facebook Marketplace. Much depends on the area you live in, but you’ll be surprised at just how much stuff people list on there at reasonable prices, and you can usually haggle to get the price a little lower. Be very careful of scams, and always make sure you meet people in public spaces when making purchases. But Facebook Marketplace isn’t the only option for used gear; for big appliances or electronics, I usually check retail stores like Amazon or Best Buy for open-box or used listings, and if nothing comes up, usually I can find the item I want on eBay. I’ve bought several excellent lenses for my Nikon camera, saving hundreds of dollars had I bought new. —Julian Chokkattu

Or Buy Refurbished

Brand new always means paying a premium, but many folks are put off buying used because they don’t want the risk of a scuffed phone or a scammy seller. There is a happy middle ground: Buy refurbished. Go directly to major players like Apple, and you can get decent discounts on MacBooks or iPhones that come packaged like new with a warranty period. Our last two MacBooks were both refurbs from Apple, and they’re as good as new. I dive deeper into this in my guide on How to Buy Refurbished Electronics. —Simon Hill

Freeze Food

If you manage to find large quantities of food on markdown, you’d be surprised at how much you can freeze with little to no loss of flavor or texture. Beyond the usual suspects like meat, butter, and leftovers, I use Souper Cubes trays to portion cut-up fruit and about-to-be-expired sauces and condiments, I vacuum-seal hard cheeses, and I individually wrap baked goods like bread and buns before deep freezing. (As a bonus, freezing actually lowers bread’s glycemic index.) —Kat Merck

Skip the Gas-Guzzling Car

Image may contain Moped Motor Scooter Motorcycle Transportation Vehicle Machine Wheel and Bicycle

Courtesy of Specialized

Everyone thinks that transitioning away from driving your car (and paying insane gas prices!) means that it has to be all or nothing. This is not true. My rule is that when you can, just substitute one trip per day where you would’ve driven a car with a bike, ebike, scooter, walking, public transit, or carpooling. For me, that means biking my kids to school. For you, that might mean walking to the corner store instead of driving to the market for ketchup, or asking to get picked up on the way to the bar instead of meeting people there. Bonus: You might end up seeing your friends more, too. Adrienne So

My Friend Libby

I can’t begin to add up the amount of money I’ve saved over the years with my tried and true Kindle + Libby app combo. I’m a big reader, and using Overdrive’s Libby in conjunction with my local library card gets me free and sometimes instant access to a huge variety of ebooks, audiobooks, and magazines. As any regular library user knows, sometimes you have to wait for the most popular titles to become available. The app even has a path to requesting that your library buy a new ebook license for books it might not have. Those resisting the siren call of Amazon’s e-reader can use Libby in conjunction with other devices, too (though that process is a little more complicated), or even choose to read some books natively, right in the app. Aarian Marshall

You Need a Budget

Financial planning app screenshots on a computer tablet and 2 mobile devices

Courtesy of YNAB

After reading WIRED editor Adrienne So’s story about YNAB, or You Need A Budget, I decided to give the app a go. I was instantly hooked on YNAB’s seemingly straightforward premise. Ideally, you can only spend the money you actually have, so why not plan for the best way to do that? Link YNAB to your bank account and divide your money into any categories you want. Then, every bit of payment and income is tracked and sorted into customized categories that show what you spend money on. It’s both a blessing and a curse to see exactly how much you spend on takeout, but YNAB makes it easy to reallocate those funds, little bits at a time, into something else you want to invest in. Yeah, there’s a yearly fee for the service, but at least the service shows you how to set aside the costs. —Boone Ashworth

Rush Tickets

Just because you’re saving money doesn’t mean you have to sit at home solemnly on the couch every night! You should consider calling your local theater to see what their policy is for night-of, rush tickets. The discount might be even deeper than you expect. Recently, my partner and I had a lovely date night at a theater in San Francisco that was showing a stage adaptation of Paranormal Activity. Spooky! We showed up around an hour before curtain and snagged two $15 tickets, which were originally priced over $100. There are official apps that specialize in these kinds of tickets, like TodayTix for Broadway shows in New York City, but there most likely is an option local to your area if you do some digging. Reece Rogers

Budget Apparel

Noihsaf Bazaar. What the heck is a Noihsaf? Well, it’s “fashion” spelled backward, of course. But there’s nothing retrograde about this website, which lists gently used apparel, footwear, and decor from independent designers, small shops, and vintage resellers. That’s what makes Noihsaf Bazaar stand out among the Poshmarks and Depops of the used-clothing world. The stuff you’ll find here is, for the most part, unique and interesting and from labels that you haven’t heard of. Sure, you’ll find the occasional Pendleton flannel or Levi’s denim jacket, but the indie vibes always win out. Only the best stuff makes it onto the site, too. Noihsaf’s team of curators vets items before they get listed, and inventory turns over frequently, so shopping here is like stepping into the world’s most well-curated vintage shop. And the deals are often screamin’, with filters to show items that are on sale or listings that are expiring soon. Michael Calore

Thrifting Fun

Speaking of vintage shops, you would not believe the treasure I find at the thrift store ($200-plus blouses and jeans with tags still on, hello?), which has ruined me forever for buying clothes at retail price. They always need a good clean when they come home, and I buy Blueland laundry detergent tabs in bulk. Bang for buck, no microplastics leeching into our water supply, and the Spring Bloom scent is lovely. Julia Forbes

Aldi Girl

I’ve always been an Aldi girl, and quite frankly, I don’t understand how anybody can afford to be anything else. Aldi mostly sells private-label groceries with minimal packaging, and it charges for bags and shopping carts (though the latter fee is just a 25-cent deposit). Bring your reusable bag! Shopping there has cut my grocery budget in half. I did join Costco recently, too, for bulk items like protein shakes and energy drinks, and the gas savings from filling my tank there have paid for my membership so far. I also started meal prepping this year, which includes making extra batches of my favorites so I can DoorDash from my freezer instead of my phone. —Louryn Strampe




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Capital injection, acquisition further Render Networks in critical infrastructure | Computer Weekly

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Capital injection, acquisition further Render Networks in critical infrastructure | Computer Weekly


Render Networks has announced $20m AUD in private equity growth funding alongside the acquisition of GIS software firm mPower Innovations, and extended its system of execution to electric infrastructure.

The funding round comes from existing shareholders, advised by Black Kite Partners, and Render says it marks a “decisive step” in its evolution from field-first execution leader to the end-to-end system of execution for critical infrastructure. Combined with the mPower acquisition, Render’s investments span the entire asset lifecycle through design-deployment operations and lifecycle management, for both telecom and electric utilities.

Render says the moment for infrastructure is happening now, with the buildout of critical infrastructure entering its most capital-intensive era in a generation. It noted that that artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperscaler datacentres are creating cascading, interdependent demand, from fibre broadband through to the power grid that sustains them. In addition, it said that utilities must deploy capital smarter and faster while managing greater complexity and maintaining full auditability across every asset, at a scale existing execution systems were never designed to handle.

Render cited a study from consumer education group PowerLines showing that the US electric sector alone faces a $1.4tn investment cycle through 2030, driven by AI load growth, the accelerating shift to renewables, and grid resilience mandates.

Over the past 18 months, Render Networks has built and validated its system of execution across the telco sector, enabling large-scale fibre to the home, long haul and datacentre expansion.

The funding is intended to accelerate Render Networks’ AI-first product roadmap, anchored in two platforms – geospatial foundation Esri ArcGIS and AI infrastructure ClearWay on Databricks – which are said to be built for the scale of modern infrastructure.

With the former, Render is transitioning its spatial engine to Esri’s ArcGIS, the geospatial platform for electric, utility and connectivity infrastructure. Design, execution and operations will now all be grounded in a single, consistent geospatial model – and mPower’s existing Esri-native architecture validates this approach and accelerates the transition.

In terms of AI infrastructure, Render Networks says it will continue to advance ClearWay, its agentic AI architecture built on Databricks as the foundation for its data and AI platform. The plan is to move beyond static analysis to a federated system of governed agents capable of validating, approving and acting on work in real time.

From a financial perspective, Render said that in private markets, as capital accelerates into hyperscaler and edge datacentre development, its unified system will now deliver the risk mitigation and execution visibility required across interdependent critical infrastructure, protecting capital deployment and compressing time to revenue.

“Render has built something rare – an execution platform that actually reflects what happens in the field,” said Adrian Kerley of Black Kite Partners. “As infrastructure spending accelerates across both broadband and electric, the market needs a solution that can deliver verified, auditable outcomes at scale.”

The acquisition of mPower Innovations is designed to complete the Render Networks portfolio, enabling operators and build partners to deploy capital with precision and speed at a moment of massive industrial AI and datacentre demand.

CEO of mPower Jason Brown and founder Greg Calcari will continue at Render in senior leadership roles, and mPower’s software services reach across design, asset management, outage management, interactive voice response and data analytics, enabling Render Networks to address the full infrastructure asset lifecycle.

“Reliability starts with a shared operational truth,” said Brown. “By joining Render Networks, operators and builders can manage and deploy critical infrastructure with complete accuracy rooted in what is actually happening in the field – not what was planned on paper. Our customers can move forward with confidence and speed, knowing their system of execution reflects verified field reality.”

With CEO Stephen Rose now heading into his second year, and following the finance and acquisition, Render believes its management has now anchored growth with a clear mandate: ensure every asset deployed has the best possible return on capital and ensure the entire deployment lifecycle is verifiable, visible and ready to perform for decades. That platform serves as the foundation on which to build a system of execution to address the full asset lifecycle for both electric and telco sectors.

“Billions of dollars are moving into infrastructure deployment in the next five years, and the demand on infrastructure leaders leaves no margin for error,” said Rose. “Our existing shareholders are doubling down on what we’ve built and the market we’re moving into. With mPower, we extend our system of execution across both sectors, ensuring every asset is rapidly monetised, and the entire asset and deployment lifecycle is verifiable, visible and de-risked.”



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US Special Forces Soldier Arrested for Polymarket Bets on Maduro Raid

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US Special Forces Soldier Arrested for Polymarket Bets on Maduro Raid


The Department of Justice announced Thursday that it arrested Gannon Ken Van Dyke, an enlisted member of the US Army’s special forces, for allegedly using “classified, nonpublic” information about the capture of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro to notch more than $400,000 in profits on Polymarket trades. A grand jury indicted him on five counts, including multiple violations of the Commodity Exchange Act.

Van Dyke is the first person to be charged with insider trading on a prediction market in the United States. Lawmakers have been voicing concerns for months about the high likelihood that politicians and public servants could use nonpublic information to profit from trades on leading industry platforms like Polymarket and Kalshi, which have exploded in popularity over the past year.

The arrest comes just weeks after Department of Justice prosecutors met with Polymarket about potential insider tradition violations. In February, Israeli authorities arrested two citizens, an army reservist and a civilian, for allegedly leaking classified information by making wagers on Polymarket related to military operations. Kalshi, Polymarket’s primary rival in the United States, recently fined three politicians for breaking its insider trading rules, but it did not flag the violations for further enforcement to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the federal agency that oversees prediction markets.

After Van Dyke’s arrest was made public, Polymarket posted a statement to social media noting that it had “identified a user trading on classified government information” and “referred the matter to the DOJ & cooperated with their investigation.” The company declined to comment further.

According to court documents, Van Dyke has been an active duty US soldier since September 2008 and rose to the level of master sergeant in 2023. At the time of the alleged trading activity, he was stationed at Fort Bragg in Fayetteville, North Carolina, and assigned to the Army’s Special Operations Command Western Hemisphere Operations.

“I have been crystal clear that anyone who engages in fraud, manipulation, or insider trading in any of our markets will face the full force of the law,” CFTC chair Michael Selig said in a statement. “The defendant was entrusted with confidential information about US operations and yet took action that endangered US national security and put the lives of American service members in harm’s way.”

The complaint alleges that Van Dyke was involved in the planning and execution of Maduro’s arrest and that he was aware that he wasn’t authorized to share nonpublic information about US military operations. The complaint says that Van Dyke signed a nondisclosure agreement that forbade him from revealing sensitive or classified government information “by writing, word, conduct, or otherwise.” The complaint also alleges Van Dyke saved a screenshot to his Google account “displaying the results of an artificial intelligence query” outlining how the US Special Forces maintains many classified files including “operational details that are not available to the public.”

On December 26, Van Dyke allegedly opened an account on Polymarket and took out around $35,000 from his bank account before transferring it to a cryptocurrency exchange.

The following day, Van Dyke allegedly made his first Venezuela-related trade on Polymarket, putting a little less than $100 on a “YES” contract that US forces would be in Venezuela by January 31, 2026. Prosecutors accuse him of ultimately making 13 Venezuela-related transactions on the platform, seven of those—totaling hundreds of thousands of shares—on a “YES” contract for “Maduro out by … January 31, 2026.” In other words, Van Dyke allegedly stood to make an enormous profit if the Venezuelan leader wound up out of power by the end of the month.



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