Tech
Size doesn’t matter: Just a small number of malicious files can corrupt LLMs of any size
Large language models (LLMs), which power sophisticated AI chatbots, are more vulnerable than previously thought. According to research by Anthropic, the UK AI Security Institute and the Alan Turing Institute, it only takes 250 malicious documents to compromise even the largest models.
The vast majority of data used to train LLMs is scraped from the public internet. While this helps them to build knowledge and generate natural responses, it also puts them at risk from data poisoning attacks. It had been thought that as models grew, the risk was minimized because the percentage of poisoned data had to remain the same. In other words, it would need massive amounts of data to corrupt the largest models. But in this study, which is published on the arXiv preprint server, researchers showed that an attacker only needs a small number of poisoned documents to potentially wreak havoc.
To assess the ease of compromising large AI models, the researchers built several LLMs from scratch, ranging from small systems (600 million parameters) to very large (13 billion parameters). Each model was trained on vast amounts of clean public data, but the team inserted a fixed number of malicious files (100 to 500) into each one.
Next, the team tried to foil these attacks by changing how the bad files were organized or when they were introduced in the training. Then they repeated the attacks during each model’s last training step, the fine-tuning phase.
What they found was that for an attack to be successful, size doesn’t matter at all. As few as 250 malicious documents were enough to install a secret backdoor (a hidden trigger that makes the AI perform a harmful action) in every single model tested. This was even true on the largest models that had been trained on 20 times more clean data than the smallest ones. Adding huge amounts of clean data did not dilute the malware or stop an attack.
Build stronger defenses
Given that it doesn’t take much for an attacker to compromise a model, the study authors are calling on the AI community and developers to take action sooner rather than later. They stress that the priorities should be making models safer, not just building them bigger.
“Our results suggest that injecting backdoors through data poisoning may be easier for large models than previously believed, as the number of poisons required does not scale up with model size—highlighting the need for more research on defenses to mitigate this risk in future models,” commented the researchers in their paper.
Written for you by our author Paul Arnold, edited by Gaby Clark, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Alexandra Souly et al, Poisoning Attacks on LLMs Require a Near-constant Number of Poison Samples, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2510.07192
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Size doesn’t matter: Just a small number of malicious files can corrupt LLMs of any size (2025, October 10)
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Tech
Why Is Alexa+ So Bad?
I stuck Amazon’s Echo Show 15 and its Alexa+ AI assistant in my kitchen for a month. Things have not gone well.
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Tech
The War on Iran Puts Global Chip Supplies and AI Expansion at Risk
South Korean officials have warned that the US-Israel war with Iran could hit the global semiconductor supply chain if it disrupts the flow of critical industrial materials from the Middle East.
South Korea’s semiconductor sector, led by giants like Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, produces about two-thirds of the world’s memory chips. If the Middle East’s supply of chipmaking materials is disrupted, semiconductor production could slow unless alternative sources are found quickly.
The Helium Problem
One material at risk is helium, which is essential in chip manufacturing for managing heat, detecting leaks, and maintaining stable temperatures in fabrication equipment. For many of these uses, there is no real substitute.
About 38 percent of the world’s helium is produced by Qatar, where large extraction facilities are tied to the natural gas industry. This concentration means that disruptions can quickly ripple through the global supply chain.
National oil company QatarEnergy declared force majeure on March 4, after stopping its gas production and downstream operations due to ongoing attacks. Downstream facilities turn gas into other products, including urea, polymers, methanol, and aluminum.
South Korea’s Industry Ministry said the country also depends on the Middle East for 14 other materials in chipmaking, such as bromine and some chip-inspection equipment. While some of these materials can be sourced domestically or from other markets, shifting suppliers in the semiconductor sector is difficult because chipmakers need to test and validate new sources to meet strict purity standards.
Companies say the situation is manageable for now. As reported by Reuters, SK Hynix said it has secured diverse supply chains and maintains sufficient helium inventories, adding that there is “almost no chance” its operations would be affected in the near term.
Contract chipmaker TSMC similarly said it does not currently anticipate a significant impact, while GlobalFoundries stated it is in direct contact with suppliers and has mitigation plans in place.
Stuck in Transit
Even if Qatar’s gas production restarts, the semiconductor industry is vulnerable to disruptions in regional shipping routes. Much of the world’s energy and petrochemical exports from the Persian Gulf pass through the Strait of Hormuz, a key maritime choke point.
If shipping through this corridor is interrupted for an extended period, it could slow the movement of industrial gases and petrochemicals that chipmakers rely on. Disruptions to oil and gas exports from the region have also already pushed global energy prices higher: Brent crude, the European benchmark, is priced at $80 per barrel at the time of publication.
Energy costs are a major factor in semiconductor production. Fabrication plants run large clean rooms that need constant electricity and cooling, so chipmakers are sensitive to changes in global energy prices. Industry representatives in South Korea warned that a prolonged conflict could push energy prices higher, likely leading to higher semiconductor production costs and potentially higher chip prices.
These risks come as semiconductor supply chains are already stretched by growing demand from AI computing. Chip demand from AI data center operators has tightened supply across several electronics sectors, including smartphones, laptops, and automobiles.
A Long-Term Problem
For now, the immediate impact on chip production is unclear. Major chipmakers usually maintain a mix of suppliers and stockpile specialty gases and chemicals to help weather short-term disruptions.
But if instability in the region continues, pressure on supply chains will likely grow. A drawn-out conflict that hits energy infrastructure, export facilities, or shipping routes could slowly squeeze the global supply of materials needed for chipmaking.
This could delay plans by major technology companies to expand artificial intelligence infrastructure in the Middle East. Firms such as Amazon, Microsoft, and Nvidia have been positioning the UAE as a hub for AI computing capacity.
This story originally appeared on WIRED Middle East.
Tech
Save up to $600 With These Mattress Firm Coupons and Deals
Chances are that when you google “mattress store near me,” one of the first results you will see is Mattress Firm. This brick and mortar titan carries both established mattress brands like Serta and Sealy, as well as many online brands, like Purple, letting you go see for yourself if it’ll be the mattress for you. And if you were looking for an excuse to hop in the car and head over, we have a Mattress Firm coupon available right now, as well as tons of Mattress Firm promo codes to save big on those big (and small) purchases. Fingers crossed that you could start sleeping better, potentially as soon as tonight.
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This year, Mattress Firm wants to make it even easier (and more affordable) to upgrade your sleep with the Upgrade Your Sleep Sale. During this sale, you can save up to $600 and get a free adjustable base included on select mattresses, through April 28. You’ll receive a free Sleepy’s Basic adjustable base (a $300 value) with select mattress purchases—this means a free queen adjustable base with a minimum $499 purchase, or free king adjustable base with minimum $599 purchase.
Get 15% Off When You Sign Up for Emails
To make sure you never miss out on Mattress Firm discount codes, you can sign up for email notifications. By doing so, you automatically get one! You can get an extra 15% off on your first order. Heads up that it can’t be combined with other coupons, nor can it be applied to specific brands and models, including Nectar, Purple, Sealy Hybrid, Tempur-Pedic, Stearns & Foster, and Serta iComfort.
Free Adjustable Base (Up to $499 Value) With Select Mattresses
First and foremost, make sure you have or are getting a mattress that’s compatible with an adjustable base. If you’re all set bed-wise, but have been looking for the right time to buy an adjustable base, consider this your sign: select mattresses come with a free adjustable base (up to $499 value). At last, you can sit up in bed or kick up your feet to your heart’s content.
Score Up to $300 in Instant Credits and Gifts
Mattress Firm’s got a gift for you, just ‘cuz. For those eyeballing Tempur-Pedic, Sealy, and Sterns & Foster in particular, it’s your lucky day, as there are Mattress Firm coupon codes for all three of these brands.
Starting with Tempur-Pedic, when you buy a qualifying Tempur-Pedic mattress, you can receive a $300 Instant Credit on these adjustable bases: Tempur-Ergo, Tempur-Ergo Smart Base, Tempur-Ergo ProSmart Base, Tempur-Ergo ProSmart Air Base, or the Sealy Ease Base. Use code TEMPURGIFT. You can also get a $300 credit toward these same adjustable bases when you purchase a qualifying Stearns & Foster mattress: use code STEARNSGIFT at checkout.
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Take 20% Off With Military, Medical, Student, or Teacher Discounts
Sleep is a necessity for everyone. But for those who work all day on their feet, and have to be dialed in at all times, sleep is critical. This is especially true for first responders, nurses, doctors, and medical professionals. As a way to say “thank you” for all that you do, there’s a special mattress firm discount just for you. Use the Mattress Firm first responder discount for 20% off select purchases. It’s for one-time use, but renews every 90 days when you re-verify your status.
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