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The importance of a leader–follower relationship for performing tasks

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The importance of a leader–follower relationship for performing tasks


Left image shows the paired condition where two people try to keep the rod horizontal in virtual space by operating a robot arm. Right shows the solo condition where one person operates both arms. Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University

When multiple people work together, things sometimes turn out better than doing the same task alone. Then, there are other times, when cooperation actually seems to hinder progress, making things much more inefficient.

To understand why this “cooperative advantage” manifests in some cases but not in others, a research group led by Assistant Professor Asuka Takai of the Graduate School of Engineering at Osaka Metropolitan University conducted a task where participants used a to transport a rod while keeping it horizontal.

The study was published in The International Journal of Robotics Research.

The participants were told that the task would stop if the rod’s tilt exceeded a certain threshold. They compared performance between groups of two people working together and people performing the task alone.

To examine the effect of teamwork, the group created two conditions. In the “symmetric” condition, the axis of the rod was centered, meaning the task could be equally split between the two arms. In the other “asymmetric” condition, the was off-center because the arms were different lengths. This meant that the participant assigned the shorter arm typically had to lead the one assigned the longer arm.

Under the asymmetric condition, the paired participants learned to adjust their movements with each trial to minimize the tilt of the rod. A natural division of roles emerged, with one partner taking the lead and the other providing support, leading to superior performance by the pairs compared to the individuals.

On the other hand, under the symmetric conditions, no division of roles was observed between partners. Under these conditions, pairs that did not exhibit clear role differences required more transportation time and trials than individuals.

Overall, pairs outperformed individuals when the two participants naturally assumed different roles, whereas individuals performed better than pairs when no such role differentiation occurred.

“The study confirmed that when a ‘leader–follower’ relationship naturally emerges under physically asymmetric conditions, cooperative performance improves,” Professor Takai explained. “Our findings suggest that role specialization, rather than paired interaction per se, was a key factor underlying superior performance.”

The group hopes that future research will explore how asymmetric dynamics, which foster leader–follower dynamics, could similarly enhance performance in rehabilitation and human–robot settings.

“This discovery is expected to be applied to collaborative design between humans and robots,” Professor Takai said. “A robot needs to know when to take on a task itself or hand it over to a human, which may require understanding subtle differences in how each can contribute to the task.”

More information:
Asuka Takai et al, Role specialization enables superior task performance by human dyads than individuals, The International Journal of Robotics Research (2025). DOI: 10.1177/02783649251363274

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The importance of a leader–follower relationship for performing tasks (2025, October 2)
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War Memes Are Turning Conflict Into Content

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War Memes Are Turning Conflict Into Content


As ceasefire announcements between the US and Iran—and separately between Israel and Lebanon—dominated headlines over the past two weeks, they also prompted a look back at how war spread online: through memes.

There were jokes about conscription. Captions about getting drafted, but at least with a Bluetooth device. The song “Bazooka” went viral, with users lip-syncing to: “Rest in peace my granny, she got hit by a bazooka.” Military filters followed. So did posts about Americans wanting to be sent to Dubai “to save all the IG models.”

Across the Gulf, the tone was different but the instinct was the same. Memes joked that Iran was replying to Israel faster than the person you’re thinking about. Delivery drivers were shown “dodging missiles.” “Eid fits” became hazmat suits and tactical vests.

Dark humor is one of the oldest responses to fear, a way of reclaiming control, however briefly, over events that offer none. Variations of that idea appear across psychology and philosophy, including Freud’s relief theory, which frames humor as a release of tension.

But social media changes the scale and speed of that instinct.

A joke once shared within a small community can become a global template in minutes. Algorithms do not reward depth or accuracy; they reward engagement. The memes that travel fastest are usually stripped of context, easy to recognize and simple to remix.

Middle East scholar and media analyst Adel Iskandar traces political satire back centuries, from banned satirical papyri in ancient Egypt to cartoons during revolutions and gallows humor in modern wars. “Where there is hardship, there is satire,” he says. “Where there is loss of hope, there is hope in comedy.”

That tradition still exists online. But today it is fused with recommendation systems designed to keep attention moving.

Memes Spread Faster Than Facts

The word “meme” was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, where he described how ideas replicate like genes. On today’s internet, replication follows platform logic.

Fitness means generality. A meme does not need to be accurate. It needs to feel familiar. It needs the right format, paired with trending audio and the right emotional shorthand.

“A meme is like a virus,” Iskandar says. “If it doesn’t travel, it’ll die.”

The most visible response online is not always the truest one. It is often just the easiest to spread. And once context disappears, one crisis can start to resemble any other.

Geography shapes humor too, and adds another level of tension. “If you live far away from the threat, you’re capable of producing content that ridicules it with an element of safety,” says Iskandar. “Whereas if you happen to be within close proximity, it is more of a fatalism.”

That divide matters. For some users, war exists mainly as mediated spectacle: clips, edits, graphics, headlines, and reaction posts. For others, it is sirens, uncertainty, disrupted flights, rising prices, and messages checking who is safe.

The same meme can function as entertainment in one country and emotional survival in another. Take the American experience of violence, which Sut Jhally, professor of communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says “is very mediated.”

What much of the Western world has consumed instead is what cultural critic George Gerbner called “happy violence”: spectacular, consequence-free, and detached from the aftermath.

Jhally argues that the September 11 attacks remain the defining modern American experience of war-adjacent political violence. Much else has been cinematic: distant invasions, blockbuster destruction, video-game logic, apocalypse franchises.

The teenager from the Midwest joking about being drafted is drawing from zombie films and superhero apocalypses. “There is almost no discussion about what an actual Third World War would look like,” he says. “People do not have a perception of what that really looks like.”





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Hyundai’s New Ioniq 3 Has Hot-Hatch Looks, but Can It Beat BYD?

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Hyundai’s New Ioniq 3 Has Hot-Hatch Looks, but Can It Beat BYD?


Hyundai has unveiled its Ioniq 3, a fully electric compact hatchback for urban driving designed to be as aerodynamically efficient as possible yet still offer up a surprisingly spacious interior—a trick the carmaker is loftily calling Aero Hatch. The 3 is intended to fill the gap between Hyundai’s Inster supermini and Ioniq 5 crossover.

In profile, the Ioniq 3 has a sleek front end that transitions into a roofline that stays straight over both front and rear occupants before dropping to merge with the rear spoiler. It’s this roofline that maximizes interior headroom for the rear passengers, but it also offers a supposed class-leading drag coefficient of 0.263.

The Ioniq 3’s impressive aerodynamics will supposedly help it get more than 300 miles on a single charge.

Photograph: Courtesy of Hyundai

The car has the same underpinnings as its sibling brand, Kia’s EV2. Two battery options will deliver a projected WLTP distance of 344 km (around 214 miles) for the Standard Range Ioniq 3; the Long Range version is supposedly good for a competitive 308-mile range. Built on the group’s Electric-Global Modular Platform (E-GMP), the car has a 400-volt architecture to lower costs rather than the 800-volt system of the Ioniq 5 N, 6, or 9 SUV. Still, this means that if you can find sufficiently fast DC charging, you can, in theory, top up from 10 to 80 percent in approximately 29 minutes (AC charging capability is up to 22 kW).

This is fine, but it is not a match for BYD’s new Blade 2.0 battery tech that WIRED tried, astonishingly allowing the Denza Z9 GT to charge its battery in just over nine minutes from 10 percent. True, that battery tech was in a $100,000 “premium” EV, but it’s coming to BYD’s wider models. And if BYD makes good on its plans to deliver a charging network to rival Tesla’s Supercharger, then very soon buyers will be expecting comparable charge times, and 30 minutes will quickly feel awfully long.

I asked José Muñoz, Hyundai Motor Company president and CEO, whether this new battery technology from BYD concerns him, whether Hyundai—leading the EV pack with 800-volt architectures for so long—needs to match the Blade 2.0’s performance. “We welcome the challenge,” Muñoz tells me. “Every challenge is an opportunity to do better. And I can tell you that, lately, we have a lot of opportunities to do better.”

“We are also working on fast charging,” Muñoz says, adding that Hyundai’s success will be built on not merely one leading technology but many. “There are not more elements that may be offered by the Chinese that we can offer. It’s only a matter of how you mix them. A lot of times, you get stuck into one indicator. I’m an engineer. And we always have the example of the airplanes: What is more important in an airplane, altitude or speed? There is only one answer. You need to achieve both.”



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Prego Has a Dinner-Conversation-Recording Device, Capisce?

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Prego Has a Dinner-Conversation-Recording Device, Capisce?


Prego, the pasta sauce company, is getting into hardware with a device that sits on your table and records dinner conversations. No, this isn’t April Fools’.

The Connection Keeper is a round puck that houses two microphones for recording around the table. The recorder was developed in partnership with StoryCorps, the 20-year-old nonprofit that has recorded conversations with more than 720,000 people about their lives.

The Connection Keeper is more of a publicity stunt than a readily available product. Fewer than 100 will be made. The pucks look more like a tuna can than what you’d associate with the pasta sauce brand—small and meant to be tucked aside so as not to attract attention. The whole goal here, Prego and StoryCorps say, is to advocate for keeping people off their phones during dinner.

“Everything now is AI, and everyone has their phones on the table,” says Elyce Henkin, a managing director of StoryCorps studios and brand partnerships. “It interrupts the conversation and the flow. We wanted to get rid of that and go back to the basics and have everyone talking to each other.”

The pucks come packaged with cards inspired by StoryCorps, designed to prompt conversations between family members. Some are aimed at kids; some are aimed at parents or other family members.

The device doesn’t record automatically. Press a button, and the device begins recording CD-quality audio. Push the button again to stop. It records all the audio on a 16-GB microSD card that can hold up to eight hours of audio at a time. Those recordings can then be saved on a StoryCorps microsite or the family’s own storage. There is no cloud connection, no Wi-Fi, and no artificial intelligence features whatsoever.

The more communal element of the project is that StoryCorps will allow users to share their recordings on its website (or keep them private). Anything that has been voluntarily shared will also be physically preserved as a recording along with the larger StoryCorps collection within the US Library of Congress.

Prego is a US company, named after the Italian word for “you’re welcome.” I’ll tell you this from experience growing up in an Italian-American extended family: The Connection Keeper is going to have a hell of a time keeping track of a conversation at a table full of loud uncles and your wine-drunk grandma, who all talk at the same time.

“I think it’s how a lot of families are,” Henkin says. “What StoryCorps does is that it reminds us of our similarities and the humanity that’s in us all, even though we are all different. I imagine that if someone were to go through and listen to the collection, there would be rowdy moments, and there would be kids laughing and moms saying, ‘Don’t eat with your mouth full.’ That’s all part of the truth of it.”



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