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3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design

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3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design


Head modules for real-time interaction. Credit: Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

Microrobots, small robotic systems that are less than 1 centimeter (cm) in size, could tackle some real-world tasks that cannot be completed by bigger robots. For instance, they could be used to monitor confined spaces and remote natural environments, to deliver drugs or to diagnose diseases or other medical conditions.

Researchers at Seoul National University recently introduced new modular and durable microrobots that can adapt to their surroundings, effectively navigating a range of environments. These , introduced in a paper published in Advanced Materials, can be fabricated using 3D .

“Microrobots, with their insect-like size, are expected to make contributions in fields where conventional robots have struggled to operate,” Won Jun Song, first author of the paper, told Tech Xplore. “However, most microrobots developed to date have been highly specialized, tailored for very specific purposes, making them difficult to deploy across diverse environments and applications. Our goal was to present a new approach toward creating general-purpose microrobots.”

New adaptive and 3D-printed microrobots that can move in various environments
Fully 3D-printed modular microrobots capable of performing a broad range of tasks across diverse environments are demonstrated. The authors propose modular design as an approach for the development of general-purpose microrobots. Credit: Won Jun Song

While developing their microrobots, Song and his colleagues drew inspiration from drones—unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—which can be tailored for a wide range of applications (e.g., photography/videography, package delivery, defense, etc.). Their objective was thus to develop adaptive microrobots that could be applied to different real-world problems.

“Our microrobot is composed of a main body and three types of modules,” explained Song. “The main body serves as the hub where all other modules are attached and is responsible for controlling the overall movement of the robot. The foot modules allow the microrobot to walk, not only on flat surfaces, but also on sand and even across water. The head modules enable real-time interaction with nearby robots or humans. Finally, the connecting modules make it possible for multiple microrobots to collaborate and operate together as if they were a single unit.”

To fabricate their microrobots’ individual components, the researchers used a custom-made multi-material 3D printer that they had created as part of their earlier studies. Notably, this 3D printer would enable the efficient mass-production of microrobot modules, allowing manufacturers to print up to eight identical units in a single run.







Credit: Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

The team’s 3D-printing approach also makes it easy to tailor robots for specific tasks, by enabling the fabrication of specific modules or components on-demand to broaden their functionalities. In initial tests, the microrobots created by the researchers were found to reliably move in different settings, walking on smooth, rough and granular terrains, but also swimming in aquatic environments.

“Many researchers have focused on developing microrobots optimized for very specific purposes, and this approach has greatly contributed to creating highly efficient robots with excellent performance,” said Song. “However, for microrobots to reach commercialization—similar to how drones or Boston Dynamics’ Spot are now widely used in daily life—they must be capable of operating across a broader range of environments and applications.”

In the future, the modular microrobot design introduced by Song and his colleagues and their 3D printing strategy could contribute to the large-scale fabrication of tiny robotic systems tailored for specific purposes. Meanwhile, other research groups could draw inspiration from the team’s paper to develop other customizable that can operate in different environments.

“We now aim to use our newly developed multi-material printing technology and high-performance photocurable materials to develop other advanced robots and devices,” added Song.

Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Stephanie Baum, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Won Jun Song et al, All‐3D‐Printed Multi‐Environment Modular Microrobots Powered by Large‐Displacement Dielectric Elastomer Microactuators, Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

© 2025 Science X Network

Citation:
3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design (2025, October 16)
retrieved 16 October 2025
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How to Watch the Lyrids Meteor Shower at Its Peak

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How to Watch the Lyrids Meteor Shower at Its Peak


In mid-April, astronomy enthusiasts will be able to enjoy one of the classic celestial spectacles. The meteor shower known as the Lyrids will illuminate the sky, especially in the northern hemisphere, and anyone will be able to see it with the naked eye, weather permitting—if they know where to look.

The Lyrids began to appear as early as April 14, but their activity peaks between the night of April 21 and the early morning of April 22, according to NASA. During those hours, the shower will show 15 to 20 meteors per hour under dark skies.

The shower gets its name because the meteors appear to emerge from the constellation Lyra. Locating the radiant is simple if you use an astronomical mapping app: Just find Vega, the fifth brightest star in the sky, surpassed only by Sirius, Canopus, Alpha Centauri A, and Arcturus. Once you locate it, look around it; the luminous traces of the Lyrids will seem to be projected from that point due to a perspective effect. Keep in mind that it takes 20 to 30 minutes for the human eye to adjust to darkness.

The moon will be in early crescent phase during the peak, so its light will interfere very little. With a dark sky, meteors should stand out easily. The shower is usually visible from 10 pm to dawn, although early morning offers the best conditions. It is best to stay away from light pollution and, if possible, to observe from high ground. An outing to the mountains works well.

Each meteor shower has a different origin. In April, Earth crosses the cloud of fragments left by comet C/1861 G1 (Thatcher) in its orbit around the sun. This comet, discovered in 1861, takes about 415 years to complete its journey. The grains of ice and rock that it released centuries ago enter the atmosphere at high speed and produce the flashes we know as the Lyrids.

After the Lyrids, the calendar still holds several spectacles for those who follow the night sky. The Eta Aquarids will arrive in May with debris from Halley’s Comet. The Perseids will appear in August, the Orionids will return in October, and the year will close with the Leonids in November and the Geminids in December. The latter is considered the most intense and reliable shower on the calendar.

This story originally appeared on WIRED en Español and has been translated from Spanish.



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A Humanoid Robot Set a Half-Marathon Record in China

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A Humanoid Robot Set a Half-Marathon Record in China


Over the weekend in China, a humanoid robot shattered world half-marathon record—the human record—by seven minutes.

The star performer was a robot developed by the Chinese company Honor (the smartphone maker), which finished the 13.1-mile race in 50 minutes, 26 seconds. The human record, set by Ugandan Olympic medalist Jacob Kiplimo, is 57 minutes, 20 seconds. The result marks an impressive milestone especially considering that, just a year earlier, the fastest robot at this half-marathon event took two and a half hours to complete the same distance.

But Honor’s robot was not the only participant. The event consisted of more than 100 humanoid robots from 76 institutions across China. The robots lined up alongside 12,000 human runners in Beijing’s E-Town, albeit on separate courses to avoid accidents. The contrast in performance between humans and robots was more than evident.

Run, Robot, Run

A humanoid robot is designed to mimic the structure and movement of the human body, with legs, arms, and sensors that allow it to interact with its environment. In this case, the winning robot incorporated features inspired by elite runners: long legs (almost a meter), advanced balance systems, and a liquid cooling mechanism, similar to that of smartphones, to prevent overheating during the race.

In addition, many of the participating robots operated autonomously, meaning without direct human control. Thanks to artificial intelligence algorithms, they could adjust their pace, maintain balance, and adapt to the terrain in real time. Notably, the Honor robot that achieved the 50-minute mark operated autonomously. The Chinese manufacturer presented another robot, operated by remote control, that ran the same stretch in even less time: 48 minutes, 19 seconds.

As expected, there were some accidents in the race. Some robots fell down, others veered off the path, and several needed technical assistance along the way. While the physical performance of humanoid robots has advanced rapidly, their reliability is still developing. Of course, the laughter and jeers are no longer as frequent as they used to be, replaced by applause and exclamations of surprise.

The winning robot, “Blitz,” from smartphone manufacturer Honor was on display at the awards ceremony after the Beijing E-Town Robot Half Marathon.

Photograph: Lintao Zhang/Getty Images

Robot Superiority

Just like the robots that went viral for their impressive martial arts display a few weeks ago, this long-distance race is part of a broader strategy by China to show off its leadership in the development of advanced robots.

You don’t need to be a robotics expert to see that this achievement demonstrates that machines can outperform humans at specific physical tasks under controlled conditions. (It’s hard to imagine that the winning robot could achieve the same result, for example, if it started to rain during the race.) But humans still have a few tricks up their sleeve: Running in a straight line is very different from performing complex real-world activities, such as manipulating delicate objects or interacting socially.

However, it’s understandable that the image of a robot crossing the finish line in record time, ahead of human athletes, raises several questions. Is this the beginning of a new era in which machines redefine physical limits?

One could argue that a car is a machine, and those have always been faster than humans. But a humanoid robot is designed to mimic humans. It’s more alarming to see one beat humanity at its own game—even if so many of them are still tripping over themselves.

This story originally appeared in WIRED en Español and has been translated from Spanish.





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War Memes Are Turning Conflict Into Content

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War Memes Are Turning Conflict Into Content


As ceasefire announcements between the US and Iran—and separately between Israel and Lebanon—dominated headlines over the past two weeks, they also prompted a look back at how war spread online: through memes.

There were jokes about conscription. Captions about getting drafted, but at least with a Bluetooth device. The song “Bazooka” went viral, with users lip-syncing to: “Rest in peace my granny, she got hit by a bazooka.” Military filters followed. So did posts about Americans wanting to be sent to Dubai “to save all the IG models.”

Across the Gulf, the tone was different but the instinct was the same. Memes joked that Iran was replying to Israel faster than the person you’re thinking about. Delivery drivers were shown “dodging missiles.” “Eid fits” became hazmat suits and tactical vests.

Dark humor is one of the oldest responses to fear, a way of reclaiming control, however briefly, over events that offer none. Variations of that idea appear across psychology and philosophy, including Freud’s relief theory, which frames humor as a release of tension.

But social media changes the scale and speed of that instinct.

A joke once shared within a small community can become a global template in minutes. Algorithms do not reward depth or accuracy; they reward engagement. The memes that travel fastest are usually stripped of context, easy to recognize and simple to remix.

Middle East scholar and media analyst Adel Iskandar traces political satire back centuries, from banned satirical papyri in ancient Egypt to cartoons during revolutions and gallows humor in modern wars. “Where there is hardship, there is satire,” he says. “Where there is loss of hope, there is hope in comedy.”

That tradition still exists online. But today it is fused with recommendation systems designed to keep attention moving.

Memes Spread Faster Than Facts

The word “meme” was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, where he described how ideas replicate like genes. On today’s internet, replication follows platform logic.

Fitness means generality. A meme does not need to be accurate. It needs to feel familiar. It needs the right format, paired with trending audio and the right emotional shorthand.

“A meme is like a virus,” Iskandar says. “If it doesn’t travel, it’ll die.”

The most visible response online is not always the truest one. It is often just the easiest to spread. And once context disappears, one crisis can start to resemble any other.

Geography shapes humor too, and adds another level of tension. “If you live far away from the threat, you’re capable of producing content that ridicules it with an element of safety,” says Iskandar. “Whereas if you happen to be within close proximity, it is more of a fatalism.”

That divide matters. For some users, war exists mainly as mediated spectacle: clips, edits, graphics, headlines, and reaction posts. For others, it is sirens, uncertainty, disrupted flights, rising prices, and messages checking who is safe.

The same meme can function as entertainment in one country and emotional survival in another. Take the American experience of violence, which Sut Jhally, professor of communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says “is very mediated.”

What much of the Western world has consumed instead is what cultural critic George Gerbner called “happy violence”: spectacular, consequence-free, and detached from the aftermath.

Jhally argues that the September 11 attacks remain the defining modern American experience of war-adjacent political violence. Much else has been cinematic: distant invasions, blockbuster destruction, video-game logic, apocalypse franchises.

The teenager from the Midwest joking about being drafted is drawing from zombie films and superhero apocalypses. “There is almost no discussion about what an actual Third World War would look like,” he says. “People do not have a perception of what that really looks like.”





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