Tech
3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design
Microrobots, small robotic systems that are less than 1 centimeter (cm) in size, could tackle some real-world tasks that cannot be completed by bigger robots. For instance, they could be used to monitor confined spaces and remote natural environments, to deliver drugs or to diagnose diseases or other medical conditions.
Researchers at Seoul National University recently introduced new modular and durable microrobots that can adapt to their surroundings, effectively navigating a range of environments. These tiny robots, introduced in a paper published in Advanced Materials, can be fabricated using 3D printing technology.
“Microrobots, with their insect-like size, are expected to make contributions in fields where conventional robots have struggled to operate,” Won Jun Song, first author of the paper, told Tech Xplore. “However, most microrobots developed to date have been highly specialized, tailored for very specific purposes, making them difficult to deploy across diverse environments and applications. Our goal was to present a new approach toward creating general-purpose microrobots.”

While developing their microrobots, Song and his colleagues drew inspiration from drones—unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—which can be tailored for a wide range of applications (e.g., photography/videography, package delivery, defense, etc.). Their objective was thus to develop adaptive microrobots that could be applied to different real-world problems.
“Our microrobot is composed of a main body and three types of modules,” explained Song. “The main body serves as the hub where all other modules are attached and is responsible for controlling the overall movement of the robot. The foot modules allow the microrobot to walk, not only on flat surfaces, but also on sand and even across water. The head modules enable real-time interaction with nearby robots or humans. Finally, the connecting modules make it possible for multiple microrobots to collaborate and operate together as if they were a single unit.”
To fabricate their microrobots’ individual components, the researchers used a custom-made multi-material 3D printer that they had created as part of their earlier studies. Notably, this 3D printer would enable the efficient mass-production of microrobot modules, allowing manufacturers to print up to eight identical units in a single run.
The team’s 3D-printing approach also makes it easy to tailor robots for specific tasks, by enabling the fabrication of specific modules or components on-demand to broaden their functionalities. In initial tests, the microrobots created by the researchers were found to reliably move in different settings, walking on smooth, rough and granular terrains, but also swimming in aquatic environments.
“Many researchers have focused on developing microrobots optimized for very specific purposes, and this approach has greatly contributed to creating highly efficient robots with excellent performance,” said Song. “However, for microrobots to reach commercialization—similar to how drones or Boston Dynamics’ Spot are now widely used in daily life—they must be capable of operating across a broader range of environments and applications.”
In the future, the modular microrobot design introduced by Song and his colleagues and their 3D printing strategy could contribute to the large-scale fabrication of tiny robotic systems tailored for specific purposes. Meanwhile, other research groups could draw inspiration from the team’s paper to develop other customizable microrobots that can operate in different environments.
“We now aim to use our newly developed multi-material printing technology and high-performance photocurable materials to develop other advanced robots and devices,” added Song.
Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Stephanie Baum, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Won Jun Song et al, All‐3D‐Printed Multi‐Environment Modular Microrobots Powered by Large‐Displacement Dielectric Elastomer Microactuators, Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503
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3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design (2025, October 16)
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Tech
A Humanoid Robot Set a Half-Marathon Record in China
Over the weekend in China, a humanoid robot shattered world half-marathon record—the human record—by seven minutes.
The star performer was a robot developed by the Chinese company Honor (the smartphone maker), which finished the 13.1-mile race in 50 minutes, 26 seconds. The human record, set by Ugandan Olympic medalist Jacob Kiplimo, is 57 minutes, 20 seconds. The result marks an impressive milestone especially considering that, just a year earlier, the fastest robot at this half-marathon event took two and a half hours to complete the same distance.
But Honor’s robot was not the only participant. The event consisted of more than 100 humanoid robots from 76 institutions across China. The robots lined up alongside 12,000 human runners in Beijing’s E-Town, albeit on separate courses to avoid accidents. The contrast in performance between humans and robots was more than evident.
Run, Robot, Run
A humanoid robot is designed to mimic the structure and movement of the human body, with legs, arms, and sensors that allow it to interact with its environment. In this case, the winning robot incorporated features inspired by elite runners: long legs (almost a meter), advanced balance systems, and a liquid cooling mechanism, similar to that of smartphones, to prevent overheating during the race.
In addition, many of the participating robots operated autonomously, meaning without direct human control. Thanks to artificial intelligence algorithms, they could adjust their pace, maintain balance, and adapt to the terrain in real time. Notably, the Honor robot that achieved the 50-minute mark operated autonomously. The Chinese manufacturer presented another robot, operated by remote control, that ran the same stretch in even less time: 48 minutes, 19 seconds.
As expected, there were some accidents in the race. Some robots fell down, others veered off the path, and several needed technical assistance along the way. While the physical performance of humanoid robots has advanced rapidly, their reliability is still developing. Of course, the laughter and jeers are no longer as frequent as they used to be, replaced by applause and exclamations of surprise.
Robot Superiority
Just like the robots that went viral for their impressive martial arts display a few weeks ago, this long-distance race is part of a broader strategy by China to show off its leadership in the development of advanced robots.
You don’t need to be a robotics expert to see that this achievement demonstrates that machines can outperform humans at specific physical tasks under controlled conditions. (It’s hard to imagine that the winning robot could achieve the same result, for example, if it started to rain during the race.) But humans still have a few tricks up their sleeve: Running in a straight line is very different from performing complex real-world activities, such as manipulating delicate objects or interacting socially.
However, it’s understandable that the image of a robot crossing the finish line in record time, ahead of human athletes, raises several questions. Is this the beginning of a new era in which machines redefine physical limits?
One could argue that a car is a machine, and those have always been faster than humans. But a humanoid robot is designed to mimic humans. It’s more alarming to see one beat humanity at its own game—even if so many of them are still tripping over themselves.
This story originally appeared in WIRED en Español and has been translated from Spanish.
Tech
War Memes Are Turning Conflict Into Content
As ceasefire announcements between the US and Iran—and separately between Israel and Lebanon—dominated headlines over the past two weeks, they also prompted a look back at how war spread online: through memes.
There were jokes about conscription. Captions about getting drafted, but at least with a Bluetooth device. The song “Bazooka” went viral, with users lip-syncing to: “Rest in peace my granny, she got hit by a bazooka.” Military filters followed. So did posts about Americans wanting to be sent to Dubai “to save all the IG models.”
Across the Gulf, the tone was different but the instinct was the same. Memes joked that Iran was replying to Israel faster than the person you’re thinking about. Delivery drivers were shown “dodging missiles.” “Eid fits” became hazmat suits and tactical vests.
Dark humor is one of the oldest responses to fear, a way of reclaiming control, however briefly, over events that offer none. Variations of that idea appear across psychology and philosophy, including Freud’s relief theory, which frames humor as a release of tension.
But social media changes the scale and speed of that instinct.
A joke once shared within a small community can become a global template in minutes. Algorithms do not reward depth or accuracy; they reward engagement. The memes that travel fastest are usually stripped of context, easy to recognize and simple to remix.
Middle East scholar and media analyst Adel Iskandar traces political satire back centuries, from banned satirical papyri in ancient Egypt to cartoons during revolutions and gallows humor in modern wars. “Where there is hardship, there is satire,” he says. “Where there is loss of hope, there is hope in comedy.”
That tradition still exists online. But today it is fused with recommendation systems designed to keep attention moving.
Memes Spread Faster Than Facts
The word “meme” was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, where he described how ideas replicate like genes. On today’s internet, replication follows platform logic.
Fitness means generality. A meme does not need to be accurate. It needs to feel familiar. It needs the right format, paired with trending audio and the right emotional shorthand.
“A meme is like a virus,” Iskandar says. “If it doesn’t travel, it’ll die.”
The most visible response online is not always the truest one. It is often just the easiest to spread. And once context disappears, one crisis can start to resemble any other.
Geography shapes humor too, and adds another level of tension. “If you live far away from the threat, you’re capable of producing content that ridicules it with an element of safety,” says Iskandar. “Whereas if you happen to be within close proximity, it is more of a fatalism.”
That divide matters. For some users, war exists mainly as mediated spectacle: clips, edits, graphics, headlines, and reaction posts. For others, it is sirens, uncertainty, disrupted flights, rising prices, and messages checking who is safe.
The same meme can function as entertainment in one country and emotional survival in another. Take the American experience of violence, which Sut Jhally, professor of communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says “is very mediated.”
What much of the Western world has consumed instead is what cultural critic George Gerbner called “happy violence”: spectacular, consequence-free, and detached from the aftermath.
Jhally argues that the September 11 attacks remain the defining modern American experience of war-adjacent political violence. Much else has been cinematic: distant invasions, blockbuster destruction, video-game logic, apocalypse franchises.
The teenager from the Midwest joking about being drafted is drawing from zombie films and superhero apocalypses. “There is almost no discussion about what an actual Third World War would look like,” he says. “People do not have a perception of what that really looks like.”
Tech
Hyundai’s New Ioniq 3 Has Hot-Hatch Looks, but Can It Beat BYD?
Hyundai has unveiled its Ioniq 3, a fully electric compact hatchback for urban driving designed to be as aerodynamically efficient as possible yet still offer up a surprisingly spacious interior—a trick the carmaker is loftily calling Aero Hatch. The 3 is intended to fill the gap between Hyundai’s Inster supermini and Ioniq 5 crossover.
In profile, the Ioniq 3 has a sleek front end that transitions into a roofline that stays straight over both front and rear occupants before dropping to merge with the rear spoiler. It’s this roofline that maximizes interior headroom for the rear passengers, but it also offers a supposed class-leading drag coefficient of 0.263.
The car has the same underpinnings as its sibling brand, Kia’s EV2. Two battery options will deliver a projected WLTP distance of 344 km (around 214 miles) for the Standard Range Ioniq 3; the Long Range version is supposedly good for a competitive 308-mile range. Built on the group’s Electric-Global Modular Platform (E-GMP), the car has a 400-volt architecture to lower costs rather than the 800-volt system of the Ioniq 5 N, 6, or 9 SUV. Still, this means that if you can find sufficiently fast DC charging, you can, in theory, top up from 10 to 80 percent in approximately 29 minutes (AC charging capability is up to 22 kW).
This is fine, but it is not a match for BYD’s new Blade 2.0 battery tech that WIRED tried, astonishingly allowing the Denza Z9 GT to charge its battery in just over nine minutes from 10 percent. True, that battery tech was in a $100,000 “premium” EV, but it’s coming to BYD’s wider models. And if BYD makes good on its plans to deliver a charging network to rival Tesla’s Supercharger, then very soon buyers will be expecting comparable charge times, and 30 minutes will quickly feel awfully long.
I asked José Muñoz, Hyundai Motor Company president and CEO, whether this new battery technology from BYD concerns him, whether Hyundai—leading the EV pack with 800-volt architectures for so long—needs to match the Blade 2.0’s performance. “We welcome the challenge,” Muñoz tells me. “Every challenge is an opportunity to do better. And I can tell you that, lately, we have a lot of opportunities to do better.”
“We are also working on fast charging,” Muñoz says, adding that Hyundai’s success will be built on not merely one leading technology but many. “There are not more elements that may be offered by the Chinese that we can offer. It’s only a matter of how you mix them. A lot of times, you get stuck into one indicator. I’m an engineer. And we always have the example of the airplanes: What is more important in an airplane, altitude or speed? There is only one answer. You need to achieve both.”
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