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3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design

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3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design


Head modules for real-time interaction. Credit: Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

Microrobots, small robotic systems that are less than 1 centimeter (cm) in size, could tackle some real-world tasks that cannot be completed by bigger robots. For instance, they could be used to monitor confined spaces and remote natural environments, to deliver drugs or to diagnose diseases or other medical conditions.

Researchers at Seoul National University recently introduced new modular and durable microrobots that can adapt to their surroundings, effectively navigating a range of environments. These , introduced in a paper published in Advanced Materials, can be fabricated using 3D .

“Microrobots, with their insect-like size, are expected to make contributions in fields where conventional robots have struggled to operate,” Won Jun Song, first author of the paper, told Tech Xplore. “However, most microrobots developed to date have been highly specialized, tailored for very specific purposes, making them difficult to deploy across diverse environments and applications. Our goal was to present a new approach toward creating general-purpose microrobots.”

New adaptive and 3D-printed microrobots that can move in various environments
Fully 3D-printed modular microrobots capable of performing a broad range of tasks across diverse environments are demonstrated. The authors propose modular design as an approach for the development of general-purpose microrobots. Credit: Won Jun Song

While developing their microrobots, Song and his colleagues drew inspiration from drones—unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—which can be tailored for a wide range of applications (e.g., photography/videography, package delivery, defense, etc.). Their objective was thus to develop adaptive microrobots that could be applied to different real-world problems.

“Our microrobot is composed of a main body and three types of modules,” explained Song. “The main body serves as the hub where all other modules are attached and is responsible for controlling the overall movement of the robot. The foot modules allow the microrobot to walk, not only on flat surfaces, but also on sand and even across water. The head modules enable real-time interaction with nearby robots or humans. Finally, the connecting modules make it possible for multiple microrobots to collaborate and operate together as if they were a single unit.”

To fabricate their microrobots’ individual components, the researchers used a custom-made multi-material 3D printer that they had created as part of their earlier studies. Notably, this 3D printer would enable the efficient mass-production of microrobot modules, allowing manufacturers to print up to eight identical units in a single run.







Credit: Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

The team’s 3D-printing approach also makes it easy to tailor robots for specific tasks, by enabling the fabrication of specific modules or components on-demand to broaden their functionalities. In initial tests, the microrobots created by the researchers were found to reliably move in different settings, walking on smooth, rough and granular terrains, but also swimming in aquatic environments.

“Many researchers have focused on developing microrobots optimized for very specific purposes, and this approach has greatly contributed to creating highly efficient robots with excellent performance,” said Song. “However, for microrobots to reach commercialization—similar to how drones or Boston Dynamics’ Spot are now widely used in daily life—they must be capable of operating across a broader range of environments and applications.”

In the future, the modular microrobot design introduced by Song and his colleagues and their 3D printing strategy could contribute to the large-scale fabrication of tiny robotic systems tailored for specific purposes. Meanwhile, other research groups could draw inspiration from the team’s paper to develop other customizable that can operate in different environments.

“We now aim to use our newly developed multi-material printing technology and high-performance photocurable materials to develop other advanced robots and devices,” added Song.

Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Stephanie Baum, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Won Jun Song et al, All‐3D‐Printed Multi‐Environment Modular Microrobots Powered by Large‐Displacement Dielectric Elastomer Microactuators, Advanced Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507503

© 2025 Science X Network

Citation:
3D-printed microrobots adapt to diverse environments with modular design (2025, October 16)
retrieved 16 October 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-3d-microrobots-diverse-environments-modular.html

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These Handy Thumb Drives Are Great for Sharing and Backing Up Files

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These Handy Thumb Drives Are Great for Sharing and Backing Up Files


Photograph: Simon Hill

Other Flash Drives We Like

We have tested many other USB flash drives that did not make the cut. Here are a few that might be worth considering for some folks.

Image may contain Electronics Phone and Mobile Phone

Photograph: Simon Hill

Kingston Dual Portable SSD (1 TB) for $229: With a snazzy metallic red body, this SSD disguised as a flash drive is very speedy, matching the stated 1,050 MB/s read and 950 MB/s write in my tests. It is USB 3.2 Gen 2 with a C jack at one end and an A jack at the other, both with removable covers. As much as I like this drive, which comes in 512-GB, 1-TB, and 2-TB models, it is on the pricey side.

Amazon Basics Flash Drive (128 GB) for $18: I like the grippy texture on the slider of this drive because it’s easy to open one-handed and locks in place securely. The loop at the top is perfect for a key ring, and it is lightweight. Performance was limited, as you might expect at this price, but it consistently exceeded the stated 130 MB/s read and 30 MB/s write speeds for larger files, though it only had 116 GB usable out of the box.

Buffalo External SSD-PUT Stick (500 GB) for $70: Another SSD in a flash drive body, this drive hit 450 MB/s in my tests and offers shock protection for falls. There’s also a sliding USB-A, and it comes with a USB-C adapter. It is pretty chunky for a flash drive, so you may find it blocks adjacent ports. You can also get reasonably priced 1- and 2-TB versions of this drive.

PNY Pro Elite V2 (256 GB) for $60: This sliding drive has a plastic cover to protect the USB-A plug, and was our compact pick for a while. It performed well (read and write speeds hovered around 415 MB/s and 425 MB/s) in my tests, and has an opening for a lanyard or keyring. I tested the 256-GB drive, but there are 512-GB and 1-terabyte models.

SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go (128 GB) for $29: This handy drive swivels to give you USB-C or USB-A, and comes in various sizes and some fun colors, but the lower capacity drives are slow (USB 3.1). You can get the 128 GB drive and up in USB 3.2 Gen 1 for up to 400 MB/s read and it’s a solid alternative to the PNY Duo above.

PNY Elite-X (128 GB) for $16: This super-compact, sliding drive has a USB-C 3.2 Gen 1 jack and a loop on the end to fit on a keyring. It worked fine but proved unremarkable in my tests (around 200 MB/s read, and 130 MB/s write).

Kingston IronKey Keypad 200 (16 GB) for $112: If you need a secure drive, Kingston’s IronKey boasts FIPS 140-3 certification, XTS-AES 256-bit encryption, and a special epoxy on its circuitry to make it impossible to remove components. On the downside, it is expensive, the keypad is fiddly, and 10 wrong entries wipe the drive.

Samsung Bar Plus (256 GB) for $52: An elegant, one-piece, curved design makes this drive easy to withdraw and there’s a loop so you can slip it onto a keyring. Test read speeds were just shy of 400 MB/s, with write speeds just over 100 MB/s, but the smaller drives (32 GB and 64 GB) are significantly slower. The Bar Plus is also a durable option, with Samsung claiming it is waterproof, shock-proof, temperature-proof, magnet-proof, and x-ray-proof.

Avoid These Flash Drives

Image may contain Lamp Adapter and Electronics

Photograph: Simon Hill

Silicon Power DS72 Portable SSD (1 TB): This is a reasonable price for a 1-TB drive with USB 3.2 Gen 2 USB-A and USB-C connectors, and it consistently hit 450 MB/s read and write speeds in my tests (it can hit 1050 MB/s and 850 MB/s with the right gear). It got quite warm to the touch, but the reason I don’t recommend this drive is the stupid plastic connector covers. You have to bend them back, and they get in the way when you’re trying to insert the drive.

Verbatim Dual (64 GB): This teeny drive is cheap and has both USB-A and USB-C plugs, but I found write speeds were variable (60 MB/s for USB-C and 90 MB/s for USB-A) and read speeds were around 150 MB/s for both. There is a cover for the USB-A and a wee strap you can attach, but this drive is almost too small, and it proved awkward to insert and remove. It also comes in 16- or 32-gigabyte options.

How to Eject and Format Drives

It’s a good idea to format your USB flash drive before you start using it. You’ll usually be asked what format you want to use. Almost every device will recognize the FAT32 format, but it limits the individual file size to 4 GB. Go for exFAT if you have larger files. If you format a flash drive, it will completely wipe everything stored on it. Here’s how to do it manually:

  • On a Windows computer: Open File Explorer and look for your drive under This PC. Right-click on it, and select Format.
  • On a Mac: Type Disk Utility into the Search, or find it via Applications > Utilities. Select your drive from the list and click Erase at the top. Then you can rename and choose a format.
  • On a Chromebook: Open Files and right-click on your drive to choose Format device.

You’re probably familiar with warnings about removing a drive without ejecting it first. But there’s a genuine risk your data will be corrupted, so here’s how to do it properly:

  • On a Windows computer: You can click the Safely Remove Hardware notification icon in the system tray and choose the Eject option. If you prefer not to have to eject, type Device Manager into the search bar and click to open. Expand Disk Drives and right-click on your USB flash drive, choose Properties, Policies, and set to Quick Removal.
  • On a Mac: You will see an eject icon listed next to the drive name in Finder, or you can simply drag the flash drive image on your desktop to the trash.
  • On a Chromebook: Open Files and right-click on your drive, then select Eject device.
  • On an Android device: You can open and expand the USB notification to find an Eject option.
  • On an iPhone or iPad: There is no eject option. Ensure no data transfer is in progress before you pull it. It’s a good idea to close the Files app or whatever app you were using to transfer files.

How to Get the Most From Your USB Flash Drive

There are a few things to keep in mind when you’re shopping for USB flash drives, and we also have some tips for using them.

Capacity: To decide on the capacity of the storage device you need, first check the size of the folders or files you want to copy. Each USB drive in our guide has a stated capacity, but the usable storage will be slightly less than that, because the device’s firmware requires space.

Speed: USB standards are advancing all the time, and we recommend USB 3.0 as a minimum, though higher is better. While USB standards have different theoretical maximum speeds, it’s crucial to check the manufacturer’s stated read and write speeds for each drive. If you’re primarily transferring data, you’ll want to look for a drive with high write speeds. If you’re planning on launching software on a computer through the drive (like a video game), then you’ll want a model with high read speeds. Manufacturers will state average speeds, but most drives are much faster at transferring large files and tend to be far slower at transferring small files.

Compatibility: Many flash drives will work with any device with the relevant USB port, but check compatibility to avoid disappointment. If you want to use a drive with an Android device or something from the iPhone 16 range or later, it will require USB on-the-go (OTG) support. Most Android devices do support USB OTG. You will get a notification when you insert a flash drive with options that should include File Transfer. You can try the USB OTG Checker app to confirm support if you’re unsure. Apple’s earlier iPhones and iPads don’t support USB OTG, but you can install a companion app for drives, like SanDisk’s iXpand series.

Connectors: Most flash drives have USB-A connectors, but you can also get drives with USB-C, MicroUSB, and Lightning connectors. If you plan on using a flash drive with your smartphone and computer, snag one with both of the required types of connectors. You can also buy USB hubs with multiple USB ports or adapters, but pay close attention to the supported standard or it may limit your data transfer speeds. This Anker USB-A to USB-C adapter, for example, is USB 3.0.

Security: Remember that USB drives can cause security issues, particularly for businesses, and you should never plug in random drives you find lying around. If you plan to keep sensitive data on your flash drive, then consider biometric or passcode protection, and look into the level of encryption it offers. There are software services that offer encryption and allow you to password-protect your files on any USB flash drive.

I run read and write speed tests on every drive using USB Flash Benchmark and CrystalDiskMark. I also load HD and 4K movies onto each drive and play them on an LG OLED TV, make photo backups from phones and laptops, and copy files across supported devices. I have tested some drives as security camera backups, as NAS (network attached storage) in routers, for playing MP3 music files, and to load games and saves onto various retro consoles. Our top picks continue to be used regularly for file backups over months, so we can be confident that the performance does not degrade.

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Why Is Alexa+ So Bad?

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Why Is Alexa+ So Bad?



I stuck Amazon’s Echo Show 15 and its Alexa+ AI assistant in my kitchen for a month. Things have not gone well.



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Stephen Lawrence detective calls for better checks after child’s Instagram account ‘memorialised’ | Computer Weekly

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Stephen Lawrence detective calls for better checks after child’s Instagram account ‘memorialised’ | Computer Weekly


A former detective who secured convictions for the murder of Stephen Lawrence has called for greater checks after social media company Instagram “memorialised” the account of a child who died in tragic circumstances, without the consent of the family.

Computer Weekly has learned that the social media company allows people to memorialise the Instagram accounts of children who have died, making their accounts inactive, without the knowledge or permission of relatives.

In one tragic case, Instagram memorialised the account of a child, who cannot be named for legal reasons, after they died in distressing circumstances. Computer Weekly has learned that the company acted after someone with no connection to the family sent Instagram a link to a press report about the discovery of the child’s body.

The action caused distress to the family at a difficult time, and potentially prevented proper scrutiny of the circumstances of the death. It took the family five years to obtain access to the account, which contained the last messages sent by the child to friends.

Former detective chief inspector Clive Driscoll, the detective who secured convictions for the murder of British teenager Stephen Lawrence, said there should be greater checks on memorialising.

Driscoll told Computer Weekly: “There should be far stronger checks on anyone’s ability to memorialise an account to ensure it’s in line with the family’s wishes. If it’s against the family wishes, and if it could interfere with a police or coroner’s investigation, stronger checks should be made.”

Instagram’s memorialisation service aims to protect the privacy of people after they have died by securing their social media accounts to prevent references to the person’s profile appearing on Instagram in ways that would be upsetting.

Strangers can memorialise accounts

Edina Harbinja, an associate professor in law specialising in digital rights and postmortem privacy, told Computer Weekly that she was not surprised by the case.

She said that under the terms of service, people can memorialise an Instagram account by filling in a form and enclosing an obituary or a news report. “You don’t have to be related at all – a stranger can memorialise the account.”

Harbinja said there have been cases where the Instagram accounts of celebrities have been memorialised after scammers created and reported fake obituaries to Instagram.

In 2021, Vice News reported that a scammer temporarily memorialised the account of the head of Instagram, Adam Mosseri, by sending the social media firm a fake obituary posted online. That led to the account being locked.

In other cases, families have struggled to obtain information from the social media accounts of children who have died.

In the case of Molly Rose Russell, a 14-year-old who died in 2017, it took her family five years and the intervention of a coroner to obtain access to her Instagram account history. This included images of self-harm, which the coroner found had contributed, along with material on other social media platforms, to her death.

Campaigning by the Molly Rose Foundation led to the UK government prioritising material promoting self-harm as a risk in the Online Safety Act. Clause 79 of the act will require social media companies to make their terms of service clear so that parents can understand what their policy is when dealing with requests from parents of a deceased child about their use of social media.

In 2018, Germany’s highest court found that the parents of a 15-year-old girl who had died some six years earlier should have the right to access her Facebook account under German inheritance law. The family hoped it would shed light on whether her death was suicide.

Instagram improved memorialisation after Covid

Following Covid, Meta-owned Instagram updated its memorialisation process to make it clear that an account had been memorialised by adding the word “remembering” to the account of the deceased person. It has also added the ability to add a “legacy contact” in the event of the user’s death.

According to information published on Instagram’s help pages, users of the service can ask Meta to memorialise an account by submitting a form giving their own name and email address, plus the full name of the deceased person and their Instagram user name. They must also enclose proof of death, which, according to Instagram, could be an obituary or a link to a newspaper report confirming the death.

There is no requirement by Instagram for the person requesting memorialisation to show that they have any relationship to the deceased person or that they have sought permission from family members to memorialise the account.

Families can also request that the account of a deceased person be removed, but this requires more stringent checks, including providing a birth or death certificate, and proof that the person who makes the request is a lawful representative of the deceased. These documents are not required for memorialisation.

Having an easy way to memorialise accounts is important

Harbinja said that while she can understand that families would be distressed if the Instagram account of a child was memorialised without their knowledge, having an easy way to memorialise was important.

Memorialising an account ensures that the dead person does not continue to appear to be still alive on Instagram. Without memorialisation, friends and contacts would be able to see birthday reminders or other communications about the deceased, she said.

“Often, users of Facebook or Instagram do not have all their family members as friends or followers,” she said. “Their friends might be in a better position, because they are constantly seeing that profile, to request memorialisation.”

Tricky balance between benefit and risk

Alec Muffett, a security expert and former Facebook engineer, told Computer Weekly that it is difficult for social media companies to balance conflicting interests when memorialising accounts.

“There has to be a process to ‘memorialise’ accounts when people die – to stop scammers hijacking the accounts of dead people and to better respect how those dead people subsequently appear in others’ social media feeds – but if the memorialisation process is excessively complex or hard to initiate, then it remains unused and the benefits don’t emerge,” he said.

“On the other hand, if it’s too easy to initiate, then people will be surprised, discomforted and inconvenienced at a very sensitive time. It’s a tricky balance between benefit and risk, and it will never be perfect for all situations,” said Muffett.

“If you make it too hard to memorialise an account, you get blamed. If you make it too easy to memorialise an account, you get blamed. If you memorialise an account where the deceased wanted it, but the relatives did not, you get blamed,” he added.

Meta did not respond to repeated requests over the course of a week to answer questions about Instagram’s memorialisation process.



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