Tech
Media professor says AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts for us weakens our ability to think critically
AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts and statements for us weakens our judgment and ability to think critically, says media professor Petter Bae Brandtzæg.
No one knew about Chat GPT just three years ago. Today, 800 million people use the technology. The speed at which AI is rolling out breaks all records and has become the new normal.
Many AI researchers, like Brandtzæg, are skeptical. AI is a technology that interferes with our ability to think, read, and write. “We can largely avoid social media, but not AI. It is integrated into social media, Word, online newspapers, email programs, and the like. We all become partners with AI—whether we want to or not,” says Brandtzæg.
The professor of media innovations at the University of Oslo has examined how AI affects us in the recently completed project “An AI-Powered Society.”
The freedom of expression commission overlooked AI
The project has been conducted in collaboration with the research institute SINTEF. It is the first of its kind in Norway to research generative AI, that is, AI that creates content, and how it affects both users and the public.
The background was that Brandtzæg reacted to the fact that the report from the Norwegian Commission for Freedom of Expression, which was presented in 2022, did not sufficiently address the impact of AI on society—at least not generative AI.
“There are studies that show that AI can weaken critical thinking. It affects our language, how we think, understand the world, and our moral judgment,” says Brandtzæg.
A few months after the Commission for Freedom of Expression report, ChatGPT was launched, making his research even more relevant.
“We wanted to understand how such generative AI affects society, and especially how AI changes social structures and relationships.”
AI-Individualism
The social implications of generative AI is a relatively new field that still lacks theory and concepts, and the researchers have therefore launched the concept of “AI-individualism.” It builds on “network individualism,” a framework which was launched in the early 2000s.
Back then, the need was to express how smartphones, the Internet, and social media enabled people to create and tailor their social networks beyond family, friends, and neighbors.
Networked individualism showed how technology weakened the old limits of time and place, enabling flexible, personalized networks. With AI, something new happens: the line between people and systems also starts to blur, as AI begins to take on roles that used to belong to humans.
“AI can also meet personal, social, and emotional needs,” says Brandtzæg.
With a background in psychology, he has for a long time studied human-AI relationships with chatbots like Replika. ChatGPT and similar social AIs can provide immediate, personal support for any number of things.
“It strengthens individualism by enabling more autonomous behavior and reducing our dependence on people around us. While it can enhance personal autonomy, it may also weaken community ties. A shift toward AI-individualism could therefore reshape core social structures.”
He argues that the concept of “AI-individualism” offers a new perspective for understanding and explaining how relationships change in society with AI. “We use it as a relational partner, a collaborative partner at work, to make decisions,” says Brandtzæg.
Students choose chatbot
The project is based on several investigations, including a questionnaire with open-ended answers to 166 high school students on how they use AI.
“They (ChatGPT and MyAI) go straight to the point regarding what we ask, so we don’t have to search endlessly in the books or online,” said one high school student about the benefits of AI.
“ChatGPT helps me with problems, I can open up and talk about difficult things, get comfort and good advice,” responded a student.
In another study, using an online experiment with a blind test, it turned out that many preferred answers from a chatbot over a professional when they had questions about mental health. More than half preferred answers from a chatbot, less than 20% said a professional, while 30% responded both.
“This shows how powerful this technology is, and that we sometimes prefer AI-generated content over human-generated,” says Brandtzæg.
‘Model power’
The theory of “model power” is another concept they’ve launched. It builds on a power relationship theory developed by sociologist Stein Bråten 50 years ago.
Model power is the influence one has by being in possession of a model of reality that has impact, and which others must accept in the absence of equivalent models of power of their own, according to the article “Modellmakt og styring” (online newspaper Panorama—in Norwegian).
In the 1970s, it was about how media, science, and various groups with authority could influence people, and had model power. Now it’s AI.
Brandtzæg’s point is that AI-generated content no longer operates in a vacuum. It spreads everywhere, in public reports, new media, in research, and in encyclopedias. When we perform Google searches, we first get an AI-generated summary.
“A kind of AI layer is covering everything. We suggest that the model power of social AI can lead to model monopolies, significantly affecting human beliefs and behavior.”
Because AI models, like ChatGPT, are based on dialog, they call them social AI. But how genuine is a dialog with a machine fed with enormous amounts of text?
“Social AI can promote an illusion of real conversation and independence—a pseudo-autonomy through pseudo-dialog,” says Brandtzæg.
Critical but still following AI advice
According to a survey from The Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) from August 2025, 91% of Norwegians are concerned about the spread of false information from AI services like Copilot, ChatGPT, and Gemini.
AI can hallucinate. A known example is a report the municipality of Tromsø used as a basis for a proposal to close eight schools, was based on sources that AI had fabricated. Thus, AI may contribute to misinformation, and may undermine user trust in both AI, service providers and public institutions.
Brandtzæg asks how many other smaller municipalities and public institutions have done the same and he is worried about the spread of this unintentional spread of misinformation.
He and his researcher colleagues have reviewed various studies indicating that although we like to say we are critical, we nevertheless follow AI’s advice, which highlights the model power in such AI systems.
“It’s perhaps not surprising that we follow the advice that we get. It’s the first time in history that we’re talking to a kind of almighty entity that has read so much. But it gives a model power that is scary. We believe we are in a dialog, that it’s cooperation, but it’s one-way communication.”
American monoculture
Another aspect of this model power is that the AI companies are based in the U.S. and built on vast amounts of American data.
“We estimate that as little as 0.1% is Norwegian in AI models like ChatGPT. This means that it is American information we relate to, which can affect our values, norms and decisions.”
What does this mean for diversity? The principle is that “the winner takes it all.” AI does not consider minority interests. Brandtzæg points out that the world has never before faced such an intrusive technology, which necessitates regulation and balancing against real human needs and values.
“We must not forget that AI is not a public, democratic project. It’s commercial, and behind it are a few American companies and billionaires,” says Brandtzæg.
More information:
Marita Skjuve et al, Unge og helseinformasjon, Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning (2025). DOI: 10.18261/tfv.27.4.2
Petter Bae Brandtzaeg et al, AI Individualism, Oxford Intersections: AI in Society (2025). DOI: 10.1093/9780198945215.003.0099
Citation:
Media professor says AI’s superior ability to formulate thoughts for us weakens our ability to think critically (2025, November 16)
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Tech
Looking for the Best Smart Scale? Step on Up
Other Smart Scales
Renpho MorphoScan for $150: The Renpho MorphoScan full-body scanner looks surprisingly similar to the Runstar FG2015, including a near-identical display attached to the handlebars. Well, spoiler alert, they are basically the same scale. They even use the same app to collect data (and you can even use both scales simultaneously with it). The only reason this scale isn’t our top pick for the category is that it’s $15 more expensive. You can rest assured that a price war is looming.
Arboleaf Body Fat Scale CS20W for $40: This affordable Bluetooth scale isn’t the most eye-catching I’ve tested, owing to its big, silver electrodes and an oversized display that comes across as a bit garish. While weight is easy to make out, the six additional statistics showcased are difficult to read, all displayed simultaneously. I like the Arboleaf app better than the scale, where five more metrics can be found in addition to the seven above, each featuring a helpful explanation when tapping on it. It’s a solid deal at this price, but the upsell to get an “intelligent interpretation report” for an extra $40 per year is probably safe to skip.
Hume Health Body Pod for $183: Hume Health’s Body Pod, another full-body scanner with handles, is heavily advertised—at least to the apps on my phone—and touted (by Hume) as the Next Big Thing in the world of body management. While the app is indeed glossy and inviting, I was shocked to discover how flimsy the hardware felt, that it lacked Wi-Fi, and that some features are locked behind a $100-a-year Hume Plus subscription plan. It works fine enough, but you can get results that are just as good with a cheaper device.
Garmin Index S2 for $191: Five years after its release, the Index S2 is still Garmin’s current model, a surprise for a company otherwise obsessed with fitness. It’s still noteworthy for its lovely color display, which walks you through its six body metrics (for up to 16 users) with each weigh-in. The display also provides your weight trend over time in graphical form and can even display the weather. The scale connects directly to Wi-Fi and Garmin’s cloud-based storage system, so you don’t need a phone nearby to track your progress, as with Bluetooth-only scales. A phone running the Garmin Connect app (Android, iOS) is handy, so you can keep track of everything over time. Unfortunately, as health apps go, Connect is a bit of a bear, so expect a learning curve—especially if you want to make changes to the way the scale works. You can turn its various LCD-screen widgets on or off in the app, but finding everything can be difficult due to the daunting scope of the Garmin ecosystem. The color screen is nice at first, but ultimately adds little to the package.
Omron BCM-500 for $92: With its large LCD panel, quartet of onboard buttons, and oversize silver electrodes, the Omron BCM-500 is an eye-catching masterwork of brutalist design. If your bathroom is decked out in concrete and wrought iron, this scale will fit right in. The Bluetooth unit syncs with Omron’s HeartAdvisor app (Android, iOS), but it provides all six of its body metrics directly on the scale, cycling through them with each weigh-in (for up to four users). It can be difficult to read the label for each of the data points, in part because the LCD isn’t backlit, but the app is somewhat easier to follow, offering front-page graphs of weight, skeletal muscle, and body fat. On the other hand, the presentation is rather clinical, and the app is surprisingly slow to sync. For a scale without a Wi-Fi connection, it’s rather expensive too.
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Tech
To Start Doing What You Want to Do, First Do Less
This applies not just to things you have to do, but also things you think you want to do. Maybe you think you should learn Spanish, but you haven’t done anything to actually learn Spanish. Admitting that you aren’t actually committed to the idea enough to do the work of learning Spanish can help close that loop. Letting go of that feeling that you should learn Spanish just might be the thing that frees up your mind enough that you decide to take up paddleboarding on a whim. The point is that the new year isn’t just a time for starting something new. It’s a time to let go of the things from that past that are no longer serving you.
In many ways this is the antidote to that ever-so-popular slogan “Just do it.” Just do it implies that you shouldn’t think about it, instead of deciding what you really want to do or should do. Maybe spend some time remembering why you wanted to do it in the first place, and if those reasons no longer resonate with you, just don’t do it.
If you like this idea, I highly recommend getting Allen’s book. It goes into much more detail on this idea and has some practical advice on letting go. You can still keep track of those things, in case you do decide, years from now, when you’re paddleboarding through the Sea of Cortez, that now you really do want to learn Spanish and are willing to do the work.
Remember to Live
I will confess, my enthusiasm for Getting Things Done has waned over the years. Not because the system doesn’t work, but because I have found my life more dramatically improved by doing less, not more. It’s not that I’ve stopped getting things done. It’s that I’ve found many of the things I felt like I should do were not really my idea; they were ideas I’d internalized from other places. I didn’t really want to do them, so I didn’t, then I felt guilty about it.
While everything I’ve written above remains good advice for starting a healthy habit and keeping it going, it’s worth spending some time and making sure you know why you want to do what you’re doing. I have been rereading Bertrand Russell’s In Praise of Idleness, and this line jumped out at me: “The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake.”
Tech
Oh No! A Free Scale That Tells Me My Stress Levels and Body Fat
I will admit to being afraid of scales—the kind that weigh you, not the ones on a snake. And so my first reaction to the idea I’d be getting a free body-scanning scale with a Factor prepared meal kit subscription was something akin to “Oh no!”
It’s always bad or shameful news, I figured, and maybe nothing I don’t already know. Though, as it turned out, I was wrong on both points.
Factor is, of course, the prepared meal brand from meal kit giant HelloFresh, which I’ve tested while reviewing dozens of meal kits this past year. Think delivery TV dinners, but actually fresh and never frozen. Factor meals are meant to be microwaved, but I found when I reviewed Factor last year that the meals actually tasted much better if you air-fry them (ideally using a Ninja Crispi, the best reheating device I know).
Especially, Factor excels at the low-carb and protein-rich diet that has become equally fashionable among people who want to lose weight and people who like to lift it. Hence, this scale. Factor would like you to be able to track your progress in gaining muscle mass, losing fat, or both. And then presumably keep using Factor to make your fitness or wellness goals.
While your first week of Factor comes at a discount right now, regular-price meals will be $14 to $15 a serving, plus $11 shipping per box. That’s less than most restaurant delivery, but certainly more than if you were whipping up these meals yourself.
If you subscribe between now and the end of March, the third Factor meal box will come with a free Withings Body Comp scale, which generally retails north of $200. The Withings doesn’t just weigh you. It scans your proportions of fat and bone and muscle, and indirectly measures stress levels and the elasticity of your blood vessels. It is, in fact, WIRED’s favorite smart scale, something like a fitness watch for your feet.
Anyway, to get the deal, use the code CONWITHINGS on Factor’s website, or follow the promo code link below.
Is It My Body
The scale that comes with the Factor subscription is about as fancy as it gets: a $200 Body Comp scale from high-tech fitness monitoring company Withings. The scale uses bioelectrical impedance analysis and some other proprietary methods in order to measure not just your weight but your body fat percentage, your lean muscle mass, your visceral fat, and your bone and water mass, your pulse rate, and even the stiffness of your arteries.
To get all this information, all you really need to do is stand on the scale for a few minutes. The scale will recognize you based on your weight (you’ll need to be accurate in describing yourself when you set up your profile for this to work), and then cycle through a series of measurements before giving you a cheery weather report for the day.
Your electrodermal activity—the “skin response via sweat gland stimulation in your feet”—provides a gauge of stress, or at least excitation. The Withings also purports to measure your arterial age, or stiffness, via the velocity of your blood with each heartbeat. This sounds esoteric, but it has some scientific backing.
Note that many physicians caution against taking indirect measurements of body composition as gospel. Other physicians counter that previous “gold standard” measurements aren’t perfectly accurate, either. It’s a big ol’ debate. For myself, I tend to take smart-scale measurements as a convenient way to track progress, and also a good home indicator for when there’s a problem that may require attention from a physician.
And so of course, I was petrified. So much bad news to get all at once! I figured.
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