Tech
Study outlines steps for California to reach net-zero emissions by 2045
A 2022 California law mandates net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045 and negative emissions every year thereafter. The state can achieve this but will have to act quickly and thoroughly, and success will require new technologies for sectors difficult to decarbonize, a new Stanford University study finds. The state will need to decarbonize not only cars and electricity but also trucks, trains, planes, agriculture, and factories, while slashing pollution from its oil refineries.
The research team created a new model that projects emissions, society-wide economic costs, and consumption of energy resources under many scenarios for California to reach net-zero emissions by 2045. The model uses data from U.S. federal agencies, national laboratories, California state agencies, past studies, and various other online public sources. (Data sources are provided in the study’s Appendix B.) The model forecasts that 170 gigawatts of new generation and 54 gigawatts of storage will be needed by 2045, compared with California’s current generation capacity of 80 GW, as transportation, buildings, and industry transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon sources of electricity. The expansion of electricity will be needed despite expected gains in energy efficiency in many technologies.
The study, published this week in the journal Energy Policy, provides a detailed roadmap for meeting California’s net-zero mandate. First, commercially available technologies can slash the state’s emissions in half. Technologies proven at pilot scale that need commercial development and lower costs could address another 25%. The final quarter will rely on inventions still being worked on in laboratories.
“One key to success will be building an emission-free power grid using a combination of solar, wind, batteries, and sources of clean, firm power like natural gas with carbon capture and storage or nuclear power,” said the study’s senior author, Sally Benson, the Precourt Family Professor of energy science and engineering in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability.
The study, which was funded by several industry associations and trade unions impacted by the state’s move to net-zero emissions, also examines some policy and economic implications for the state.
“We will need to build this infrastructure at an unprecedented pace to put proven technologies to work at the scale we need,” added Benson, who was the chief strategist for the energy transition at the White House Office of Science & Technology Policy from 2021 to 2023.
First 52%: Commercial technologies
The necessary technologies already in commercial use that could halve California emissions include renewable electricity generation, batteries for storing that energy, electric passenger vehicles, heat pumps, and machines that produce methane fuel from wastewater, manure, and food and plant waste.
However, significant administrative and logistical barriers could stymie deployment of these technologies at the required speed and scale. The state is already experiencing overwhelmingly long queues to connect new renewable energy generation and grid-scale energy storage to the grid. Local ordinances frequently block permits for new power plants. Other obstacles include the early termination of federal tax credits for EVs and home solar, federal challenges to California banning sales of gas-powered cars in 10 years, elevated financing costs, and supply chain disruptions.
“California can build the infrastructure it needs to meet the 2045 mandate, but the state must implement policies to overcome regulatory and logistical barriers,” said the study’s lead author, Joshua Neutel, a Ph.D. student in civil and environmental engineering, a joint department of Stanford’s School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability.
Several readily available measures save more money than they cost to implement, after accounting for state and federal incentives—many of which are slated to end in the coming months. The authors estimate electric passenger vehicles, solar and wind power, reduced in-state oil production, and replacement of fossil-based gas with methane fuel made through anaerobic digestion could eliminate 44% of the state’s greenhouse gas emissions (based on estimated 2045 emissions if the state were to continue business as usual).
Next 25%: Early-stage technologies
The authors estimate a quarter of emissions abatement could come from technologies in the early stages of commercialization, including zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles, clean industrial heating from electricity and hydrogen, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).
Eliminating carbon emissions from heavy-duty vehicles could reduce California emissions 12%. However, emission-free trucks still need to improve their range and cargo capacity while reducing charging time and purchase price. Another area in early-stage deployment involves switching several industries from fossil fuels to carbon-free electricity and green hydrogen. This accounts for 5% of emission reductions in the authors’ projections.
CCS entails capturing carbon dioxide directly at the source, such as at gas-fired power plants and factories, and securely sequestering the emissions deep underground. In some hard-to-decarbonize sectors, like oil refining and producing cement, hydrogen, and some electricity, CCS may be the most viable option in the near and medium term, according to the authors. The study confirms prior findings that a limited amount of natural gas power paired with CCS (34 of 170 gigawatts, or about 20% of new generation capacity) could vastly reduce the number and costs of wind and solar farms. Pairing bioenergy with CCS could remove another 2% of emissions from 2019 levels to reach net-zero emissions.
Final 23%: Research-phase technologies
Nascent technologies still in the research phase include decarbonized trains, planes, and boats; low-emission refrigerants; and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. Replacing fossil fuels for planes, trains, and boats with electricity, hydrogen, and renewable fuels faces challenges from their weight, cargo capacity, costs, and the limited availability of clean fuels.
Traditional refrigerants are powerful greenhouse gases up to 2,000 times more potent than CO2 during their first 100 years in the atmosphere. Climate-friendly alternatives, possibly including CO2 as a refrigerant, are still in the early stages of development.
CDR will play a significant role, with the researchers’ model projecting that California will need to sequester about 45-75 million tons of CO2 annually by 2045 through CDR, in line with the state’s 2022 forecast. Explored CDR options include bioenergy with CCS and direct air capture plants. The prior emits but then sequesters biogenic CO2 through industrial processes like hydrogen and electricity generation. The latter extracts CO2 directly from ambient air and stores it underground.
“If net-zero by 2045 is a binding constraint, then large amounts of CDR will be needed,” said study co-author Sarah Saltzer, managing director of the Stanford Center for Carbon Storage. Current methods for extracting carbon dioxide from ambient air remain costly and energy intensive.
Political and economic implications
The study recommends several policy changes, including streamlining the permitting of, and grid connections for, new generation, energy storage, and power lines. This year, the state has taken initial steps to do this.
The research advises that California should consider incentives for adding CCS to existing natural gas-fired power plants. For example, it could qualify such power plants as one way for utilities to meet the state’s renewable portfolio standard. This could prevent expensive overbuilding of solar power plus batteries.
This work also supports maintenance of the state’s EV sales mandate for 100% clean vehicles by 2035 and consideration of similar policies for building appliances. Policymakers could develop roadmaps for advancing “renewable natural gas” and “renewable diesel,” which are chemically equivalent to fossil-based natural gas and diesel but made from biological feedstocks, said the researchers. These fuels have a limited global supply but could be vital for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors.
“Reaching net-zero by 2045 is not so much a challenge in cost,” said Benson, “but a challenge in getting the necessary technologies available in time and establishing the social, political, and economic environment to deploy these technologies rapidly and broadly.”
More information:
Joshua Neutel et al, What will it take to get to net-zero emissions in California?, Energy Policy (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114848
Citation:
Study outlines steps for California to reach net-zero emissions by 2045 (2025, September 28)
retrieved 28 September 2025
from https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-outlines-california-net-emissions.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
With over 5,000 employees and 3,000 sewing machines across 90 sewing lines, VTL Group specialises in jersey knits and denim, producing up to 20 million garments per year for world-renowned brands such as Lacoste, Adidas, G-Star, Hugo Boss, Replay and Paul & Shark. The company operates six garment production units, along with dedicated facilities for screen printing, knitting, dyeing and textile finishing. This extensive vertical integration gives VTL complete control over quality, lead-times and cost-efficiency, which is vital for meeting the stringent demands of its global customer base.
VTL Group has adopted Coats Digital’s GSDCost to standardise production, boost productivity, and improve pricing accuracy across its Tunisian operations.
The solution cut SMVs by 15–20 per cent, raised line output by 10 per cent, and enhanced planning, cost accuracy, and customer confidence, enabling competitive pricing, lean operations, and stronger relationships with global fashion brands.
Prior to implementing GSDCost, VTL calculated capacity and product pricing using data from internal time catalogues stored in Excel. This approach led to inconsistent and inaccurate cost estimations, causing both lost contracts due to inflated production times and reduced margins from underestimations. In some cases, delays caused by misaligned time predictions resulted in increased transportation costs and operational inefficiencies that impacted customer satisfaction.
Hichem Kordoghli, Plant Manager, VTL Group, said: “Before GSDCost, we struggled with inconsistent operating times that directly impacted our competitiveness. We lost orders when our timings were too high and missed profits when they were too low. GSDCost has transformed the way we approach planning, enabling us to quote confidently with accurate, reliable data. We’ve already seen up to 20% reductions in SMVs, a 10% rise in output, and improved customer confidence. It’s a game-changer for our sales and production teams.”
Since adopting GSDCost across 50 sewing lines, VTL Group has been able to establish a reliable baseline for production planning and line efficiency monitoring. This has led to a more streamlined approach to managing load plans and forecasting. Importantly, GSDCost has given the business the flexibility to align pricing more effectively with actual production realities, contributing to greater customer satisfaction and improved profit margins.
Although it’s too early to determine the exact financial impact, VTL Group has already realised improvements in pricing flexibility and competitiveness thanks to shorter product times and better planning. These gains are seen as instrumental in enabling the company to pursue more strategic orders, reduce wasted effort and overtime, and maintain the high expectations of leading global fashion brands.
Hichem Kordoghli, Plant Manager, VTL Group, added: “GSDCost has empowered our teams with reliable data that has translated directly into real operational benefits. We are seeing more consistent line performance, enhanced planning precision, and greater confidence across departments. These improvements are helping us build stronger relationships with our brand partners, while setting the foundation for sustainable productivity gains in the future.”
The company now plans to expand usage across an additional 30 lines in 2025, supported by a second phase of GSD Practitioner Bootcamp training to strengthen in-house expertise and embed best practices throughout the production environment. A further 10 lines are expected to follow in 2026 as part of VTL’s phased rollout strategy.
Liz Bamford, Customer Success Manager, Coats Digital, commented: “We are proud to support VTL Group in their digital transformation journey. The impressive improvements in planning accuracy, quoting precision, and cross-functional alignment are a testament to their commitment to innovation and excellence. GSDCost is helping VTL set a new benchmark for operational transparency and performance in the region, empowering their teams with the tools needed for long-term success.”
GSDCost, Coats Digital’s method analysis and pre-determined times solution, is widely acknowledged as the de-facto international standard across the sewn products industry. It supports a more collaborative, transparent, and sustainable supply chain in which brands and manufacturers establish and optimise ‘International Standard Time Benchmarks’ using standard motion codes and predetermined times. This shared framework supports accurate cost prediction, fact-based negotiation, and a more efficient garment manufacturing process, while concurrently delivering on CSR commitments.
Key Benefits and ROI for VTL Group
- 15–20% reduction in SMVs across 50 production lines
- 10% productivity increase across key sewing facilities
- More competitive pricing for strategic sales opportunities
- Improved cost accuracy and quotation flexibility
- Standardised time benchmarks for future factory expansion
- Enhanced planning accuracy and load plan management
- Greater alignment with lean and sustainable manufacturing goals
- Increased brand confidence and satisfaction among premium customers
Note: The headline, insights, and image of this press release may have been refined by the Fibre2Fashion staff; the rest of the content remains unchanged.
Fibre2Fashion News Desk (HU)
No matter how my style may change, I always consider Adidas the ultimate shoes for effortlessly cool people. With celebrity endorsements from pro athletes like David Beckham to music icons like Pharrell and Bad Bunny, Adidas has cemented itself firmly in the current zeitgeist. Although most known for classic sneaker styles like Sambas (beloved by skaters and boys I had crushes on in high school), Adidas also has always-stylish apparel, slides, running shoes, and more. WIRED has Adidas promo codes so you too can be cool—but on a budget.
Unlock 15% Adidas Promo Codes With Sign Up
Become a member of the cool kids club with Adidas membership program, adiClub. adiClub gives you free shipping, discount vouchers, and members-only exclusives. When you join, you’ll get instant benefits, points on purchases, and you can get rewards, exclusive experiences, products, vouchers, and more. Right now, when you sign up to be an adiClub member you’ll get a 15% Adidas promo code to save on a fresh pair of sneaks or athleisurewear fit.
There is more than one way to save. You can get 15% off by signing up for adiClub, either with your email, or by downloading the adidas or CONFIRMED app on your phone. After, you’ll find the 15% off welcome offer in your account under “Vouchers and Gift Cards.” Then, you’ll just need to paste it in the promo code step at checkout to save. You’ll instantly get 100 adiClub points, plus an additional 100 when you create a profile. Plus, when you sign up for the brand email newsletter, a unique promo code will be sent to your inbox to use for more savings.
Explore Adidas Coupons and 2026 Sale Deals For 60% Off Trending Shoes
As aforementioned, I think the Samba OG shoes are the most classic style you can get—I mean OG is in the name. The style gives an effortless cool vibe that’s stood the test of time. The classic Samba is now 20% off. Always-popular Campus 00s blend the skater aesthetic with contemporary tastes, making them another modern classic, starting at $66, now 40% off. The Gazelle Bold shoe comes in a bunch of fun colorways, making them a versatile choice for any stylish shoe-wearer, now on sale. Plus, you can get 40% off Handball Spezial shoes (starting at $66) and 30% off the Superstar II shoes (starting at $70).
Some of the best ways to save big are just through navigating the Adidas website—make sure you’re browsing styles under $80, and check the final clearance sale styles for up to 60% off. Plus, there are always discounts on certain colorways or materials of the same type of shoe.
Students, Military Members, and Healthcare Workers Can Unlock 30% Off at Adidas
Adidas doesn’t want your kid going back to school after holiday break with the same ol’ same ol’ and that’s why Adidas student discount gets your kid (or you, lifelong learner) 30% off full-price items with UNiDAYS online and a 15% discount in-store. Join now and verify your status with UNiDAYS. All you’ll need to do is enter the code provided from UNiDAYS during checkout, and you can get discounts of up to $1,000.
Heroic and stylish? That’s hot. The Adidas heroes discount gives thanks by giving verified medical professionals, first responders, nurses, military members, and teachers 30% off online and in-store (and 15% off at factory outlets). To redeem the heroes discount, you must complete verification through ID.me, then you’ll apply your unique discount code that will be sent to your inbox. A fireman in a pair of Sambas? Come rescue me, it’s burning up in here.
Be sure to check back regularly as we check back for more Adidas promo codes and other discounts, especially as the holiday (and shopping) season approaches oh-too-quickly.
Adidas Free Shipping Deals for adiClub and Prime Members
I’ve talked to you about all of the perks adiClub members get, but they also get free standard shipping on every order, which usually ships in 3-5 business days. With the membership, you’ll also get free returns or exchanges on any order!
Plus, if you’re already a Prime member, you’ll get 2-3 day free shipping without needing to join adiClub. Through this, you can conveniently track order in your Amazon Prime account; it will even show your delivery date info once you select your size.
Pay Less Now With These Adidas Financing Options
Adidas makes it easy for anyone to get the gift of great style. Adidas offers Klarna, the financing service on purchases, which allows you to pay later (in 30 days), or in 4 interest-free installments. Plus, with Klarna, you can try your order before you buy it).
There’s also the Afterpay buy option, which allows you to buy shoes now, and pay for them in four payments made every 2 weeks without any interest! This Afterpay option is eligible on any order above $50. If you’d rather pay with PayPal Pay, you can pay in 4 installments (eligible on purchases from $30 to $1,500). You can also pay over 6 weeks, starting with paying for only 25% of your order today, then the rest will be split into 3 additional payments.
Tencia Benavidez, a Supernatural user who lives in New Mexico, started her VR workouts during the Covid pandemic. She has been a regular user in the five years since, calling the ability to workout in VR ideal, given that she lives in a rural area where it’s hard to get to a gym or workout outside during a brutal winter. She stuck with Supernatural because of the community and the eagerness of Supernatural’s coaches.
“They seem like really authentic individuals that were not talking down to you,” Benavidez says. “There’s just something really special about those coaches.”
Meta bought Supernatural in 2022, folding it into its then-heavily invested in metaverse efforts. The purchase was not a smooth process, as it triggered a lengthy legal battle in which the US Federal Trade Commission tried to block Meta from purchasing the service due to antitrust concerns about Meta “trying to buy its way to the top” of the VR market. Meta ultimately prevailed. At the time, some Supernatural users were cautiously optimistic, hoping that big bag of Zuckerbucks could keep its workout juggernaut afloat.
“Meta fought the government to buy this thing,” Benavidez says. “All that just for them to shut it down? What was the point?”
I reached out to Meta and Supernatural, and neither responded to my requests for comment.
Waking Up to Ash and Dust
On Tuesday, Bloomberg reported that Meta has laid off more than 1,000 people across its VR and metaverse efforts. The move comes after years of the company hemorrhaging billions of dollars on its metaverse products. In addition to laying off most of the staff at Supernatural, Meta has shut down three internal VR studios that made games like Resident Evil 4 and Deadpool VR.
“If it was a bottom line thing, I think they could have charged more money,” Goff Johnson says about Supernatural. “I think people would have paid for it. This just seems unnecessarily heartless.”
There is a split in the community about who will stay and continue to pay the subscription fee, and who will leave. Supernatural still has more than 3,000 lessons available in the service, so while new content won’t be added, some feel there is plenty of content left in the library. Other users worry about how Supernatural will continue to license music from big-name bands.
“Supernatural is amazing, but I am canceling it because of this,” Chip told me. “The library is large, so there’s enough to keep you busy, but not for the same price.”
There are other VR workout experiences like FitXR or even the VR staple Beat Saber, which Supernatural cribs a lot of design concepts from. Still, they don’t hit the same bar for many of the Supernatural faithful.
“I’m going to stick it out until they turn the lights out on us,” says Stefanie Wong, a Bay Area accountant who has used Supernatural since shortly after the pandemic and has organized and attended meetup events. “It’s not the app. It’s the community and it’s the coaches that we really, really care about.”
Welcome to the New Age
I tried out Supernatural’s Together feature on Wednesday, the day after the layoffs. It’s where I met Chip and Alisa. When we could stop to catch our breath, we talked about the changes coming to the service. They had played through previous sessions hosted by Jane Fonda or playlists with a mix of music that would change regularly. It seems the final collaboration in Supernatural’s multiplayer mode will be what we played now, an artist series featuring entirely Imagine Dragons songs.
In the session, as we punched blocks while being serenaded by this shirtless dude crooning, recorded narrations from Supernatural coach Dwana Olsen chimed in to hype us up.
“Take advantage of these moments,” Olsen said as we punched away. “Use these movements to remind you of how much awesome life you have yet to live.”
Frankly, it was downright invigorating. And bittersweet. We ended another round, sweaty, huffing and puffing. Chip, Alisa, and I high-fived like crazy and readied for another round.
“Beautiful,” Alisa said. “It’s just beautiful, isn’t it?”
H&M India unveils official Lollapalooza India 2026 collection
Fundamental shift from savers to investors: What Indian households are doing with their money? – The Times of India
Green energy exports: $10-bn green ammonia project positions India as global clean-fuel supplier; Kakinada plant nears key milestone – The Times of India
-
Politics1 week agoUK says provided assistance in US-led tanker seizure
-
Entertainment1 week agoDoes new US food pyramid put too much steak on your plate?
-
Entertainment1 week agoWhy did Nick Reiner’s lawyer Alan Jackson withdraw from case?
-
Sports5 days agoClock is ticking for Frank at Spurs, with dwindling evidence he deserves extra time
-
Business1 week agoTrump moves to ban home purchases by institutional investors
-
Sports1 week agoPGA of America CEO steps down after one year to take care of mother and mother-in-law
-
Tech4 days agoNew Proposed Legislation Would Let Self-Driving Cars Operate in New York State
-
Business1 week agoBulls dominate as KSE-100 breaks past 186,000 mark – SUCH TV