Microsoft’s Azure cloud platform, its widely used 365 services, Xbox, and Minecraft started suffering outages at roughly noon Eastern time on Wednesday, the result of what Microsoft said was “an inadvertent configuration change.” The incident—which marks the second major cloud provider outage in less than two weeks—highlights the instability of an internet built largely on infrastructure run by a few tech giants.

Microsoft’s problems specifically originated from Azure’s Front Door content delivery network and emerged just hours before Microsoft’s scheduled earnings announcement. The company website, including its investor relations page, was still down on Wednesday afternoon, and the Azure status page where Microsoft provides updates was having intermittent issues as well.

Microsoft described in status updates on Wednesday that it went through a process of sequentially rolling back recent versions of its environment until it could pinpoint the “last known good” configuration. At 3:01 pm ET, the company said it had identified and pushed this stable configuration and that “customers may begin to see initial signs of recovery. We are currently recovering nodes and routing traffic through healthy nodes.”

A Microsoft spokesperson said in a statement, “We are working to address an issue affecting Azure Front Door that is impacting the availability of some services. Customers should continue to check their Service Health Alerts.” The company did not immediately respond to questions from WIRED about the nature of the configuration change that caused the outage.

In addition to occurring on Microsoft’s earnings day, the outage comes nine days after Azure rival Amazon Web Services suffered a massive outage that impacted sites and services around the world. Major cloud providers, often called “hyperscalers,” standardize and often improve baseline security and reliability for their customers, but problems and outages can cause them to become single points of failure for large populations of critical digital services

“Even Azure’s outage status page is down,” says Davi Ottenheimer, a longtime security operations and compliance manager and a vice president at the data infrastructure company Inrupt. “Another configuration change error—we are in the age of integrity breach more so now than ever.”

Azure blocked customers from making configuration changes to their instances while it worked to address the issue. The company said in a status update at 3:22 pm ET that it expects “full mitigation” of the situation by 7:20 pm ET.

“Organizations may think they’re insulated by their choice of cloud provider, but dependencies run deeper,” says Munish Walther-Puri, an adjunct faculty member at IANS Research and the former director of cyber risk for the city of New York. “When key partners rely on other hyperscalers, exposure multiplies. As AI becomes the next layer of critical infrastructure, these outages demonstrate the brittleness of our digital backbone.”

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TfL, to its credit, has made many efforts over the years to try to deal with the problem of hot tunnels, including attaching cooling panels to tunnel walls. The panels, which circulate water to remove heat from the air, were deployed in a trial in 2022, though they are not currently in use. Paul argues that such a system could be prohibitively expensive.

Hassan Hemida at the University of Birmingham says Paul’s water-cooling technology is a “good idea,” though it remains to be seen how much heat it could really remove from a real-life, busy Tube station full of people.

Certain railways simply push the boundaries of our ability to cool things down, says Hemida. He gives the example of super-high-speed trains traveling at, say, 400 kilometers per hour. They force air out of their way at high velocities, meaning the air pressure surrounding heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment on the roofs of those trains can drop significantly. “Then, you cannot suck air into the HVAC system,” he says. Ultimately, that could cause the air-conditioning unit to fail. “I have been contacted by colleagues from China, and they want to find a solution for this problem,” Hemida adds.

More and more train operators are adopting air-conditioning systems as standard, though. London’s still relatively new Elizabeth Line features air-conditioning, for example. And a spokesman for Škoda Transportation, which recently rolled out air-conditioned metro trains in the capital of Bulgaria, says: “Generally, every vehicle we produce now is equipped with AC.” Sharon Hedges, senior engagement manager at Transport Focus, an industry watchdog, adds: “As people think about procuring new rolling stock, these are the kind of things that need to be uppermost in minds now.”

Heat waves are one thing in Britain. What about the Egyptian desert? German tech company Siemens is supplying Egypt with a new set of high-speed trains that can travel at speeds of up to 230 kilometers per hour. The firm’s Velaro trains are used in many places around Europe, but for Egypt, Siemens has really put them through their paces. Last summer, the company took one of the trains to a test facility in Austria and exposed it to unpleasant conditions, including temperatures as high as 60 degrees Celsius and high winds. “We are achieving 26 degree inside temperature at the hottest outside conditions,” says Björn Buchholz, head of HVAC and door systems.