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High-performance electrodes for seawater electrolysis can improve hydrogen production

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High-performance electrodes for seawater electrolysis can improve hydrogen production


Testing of Seawater Electrolysis Stack Incorporating the Research Team’s Developed Electrode. Credit: KIER

Dr. Ji-Hyung Han’s research team from the Korea Institute of Energy Research has developed a high-performance carbon cloth-based electrode that maintains stable performance even under high current conditions. The newly developed electrode is the first seawater electrolysis electrode using a carbon cloth support that has demonstrated successful continuous operation for over 800 hours under high current conditions, highlighting its potential for commercialization.

The research is published in the journal Applied Surface Science.

Water electrolysis is an eco-friendly technology that produces hydrogen by splitting water. Although it primarily relies on freshwater, growing concerns over global water scarcity have drawn increasing attention to seawater electrolysis, which uses seawater directly.

The performance and lifespan of seawater electrolysis systems depend heavily on the catalyst used in the electrode and the electrode support that evenly distributes the catalyst. While precious metal-based catalysts such as platinum and ruthenium are commonly used, recent research has focused on non-precious metal catalysts or approaches that minimize the use of precious metals due to cost concerns.

There are also issues with the electrode support. Metal-based supports are highly vulnerable to corrosion caused by , clearly limiting their lifespan. As an alternative, cloth has emerged due to its excellent electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.

However, existing carbon cloth-based catalysts have faced challenges in commercialization, as they suffer from performance degradation and structural damage during high-current operation (above 500 mA/cm²) and long-term use over 100 hours, which are required for industrial applications.

  • KIER develops high-performance electrodes for seawater electrolysis to produce hydrogen
    Schematic of the Electrode Fabrication Process Using the Developed Catalyst. Credit: KIER
  • KIER develops high-performance electrodes for seawater electrolysis to produce hydrogen
    Catalyst Developed by the Research Team. Credit: KIER

The research team overcame the limitations of conventional electrodes by developing a carbon cloth-based electrode with enhanced hydrogen production efficiency through an optimized acid treatment process. The newly developed electrode reduced the overpotential applied to the electrode by 25%, enabling a 1.3 times more efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to existing electrodes.

To enhance the reactivity of the electrode, the research team focused on acid-treating the carbon cloth. The acid treatment involves immersing the cloth in a highly concentrated nitric acid solution at 100°C for one hour. However, evaporation during the process caused fluctuations in acid concentration, which posed a challenge. To address this, the team designed a specialized acid treatment vessel that prevents concentration changes, successfully optimizing the surface treatment of the carbon cloth support.

The acid-treated carbon cloth support exhibits high hydrophilicity, which promotes the uniform distribution of cobalt, molybdenum, and ruthenium ions across its surface. In particular, the precious metal ruthenium is evenly dispersed throughout the support, enabling excellent electrochemical performance even with a minimal amount.

As a result, the ruthenium-incorporated cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) catalyst achieved a roughly 25% reduction in overpotential compared to conventional CoMo catalysts, despite using only about 1% ruthenium by weight. By lowering the required overpotential, the catalyst enabled a hydrogen evolution reaction that is approximately 1.3 times more efficient at the same current density.

The -coated electrode maintained its initial performance even after over 800 hours of continuous operation under high current conditions of 500 mA/cm². Post-operation analysis of the electrode revealed no leaching of metal ions such as ruthenium and cobalt into the electrolyte, indicating excellent corrosion resistance and structural stability. Additionally, the team successfully synthesized a large-area electrode measuring 25 cm², showing potential for scalability and practical application.

Dr. Han of KIER stated, “This technology marks the world’s first successful case of long-term operation over one month under industrial-level high current conditions in seawater electrolysis using a carbon cloth-based . We plan to further advance the technology to the demonstration level through extended durability testing beyond 1,000 hours and research on scaling up to large-area cell modules and stacks.”

More information:
Hyunji Eom et al, Ru-modified CoMoOx catalyst on carbon cloth for efficient HER in alkaline seawater electrolysis at high current densities, Applied Surface Science (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.163534

Citation:
High-performance electrodes for seawater electrolysis can improve hydrogen production (2025, August 14)
retrieved 14 August 2025
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Apple’s Price-Friendly iPhone 17e Gets a MagSafe Upgrade

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Apple’s Price-Friendly iPhone 17e Gets a MagSafe Upgrade


Apple’s first hardware launch of 2026—not counting the second-generation AirTag it debuted at the end of January—is the next iteration of the price-friendly iPhone: the iPhone 17e. The company announced the handset via an online press release, ahead of its “Special Apple Experience” in New York City this Wednesday.

While last year’s iPhone 16e was widely criticized for its questionable value—it replaced the iPhone “SE” models from yesteryear and jacked the price up from $429 to $599—the newer model in the series has some notable features that were missing in its predecessor, like Apple’s MagSafe technology and the Dynamic Island. The price remains firm at $599 despite the challenging economic environment and the memory shortage.

The iPhone 17e opens for preorder today and will be widely available on March 11.

E for Effort

Apple has stuck with the same 6.1-inch OLED display as the iPhone 16e, down to the same old-school notch design. That means you won’t get the sleek look of the Dynamic Island, which also doubles as a live notifications display. Thankfully, if you’re worried about durability, this iPhone has the same Ceramic Shield 2 front glass protecting the display as its pricier siblings, giving it a nice strength boost from the previous generation.

Apple did not upgrade the screen with its ProMotion refresh rate tech, as it’s stuck at 60 Hz. This capability is the number of times the screen refreshes with images—the higher the better, as your display will appear smoother, with interactions feeling more fluid. It’s something the company has offered in the iPhone Pro models, and finally enabled in 2025 with its entire iPhone 17 range, but you’ll have to upgrade for the luxury. It’s a shame, as most budget Android phones offer 120 Hz as standard, even devices as cheap as $200. That also means the iPhone 17e doesn’t have the option to enable an always-on display.

Arguably, the best upgrade is the addition of MagSafe, the magnetic ring that has been embedded in the back of mainline iPhones since the iPhone 12. Apple confusingly didn’t include it with the iPhone 16e despite a healthy accessory market that would have made the iPhone 16e a little more versatile. While the 16e still had basic wireless charging, with the iPhone 17e, you can take advantage of faster magnetic wireless charging at 15 watts (plus access to MagSafe accessories).

This iPhone is powered by the A19 chipset, which debuted on the iPhone 17, though there’s one less graphics core, so graphics performance is a small step below. That’s in line with what Apple did with the iPhone 16e and the iPhone 16 that came before. Apple didn’t share RAM details yet, but it’s likely that the iPhone 17e has 8 GB of RAM like its predecessor, whereas the rest of the iPhone 17 lineup has 12 GB.

Courtesy of Apple



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A Former Top Trump Official Is Going After Prediction Markets

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A Former Top Trump Official Is Going After Prediction Markets


Mick Mulvaney wants to be clear: He really likes gambling. “You’re talking to the only former member of Congress who’s won a poker tournament in Las Vegas,” he tells WIRED. When he was representing South Carolina in the US House of Representatives, he pushed for the state to allow sports betting.

Because of his background, Mulvaney, a former Trump administration official, says he can tell when something is gambling—and that the sports contracts on prediction markets fit the bill. “You know the old saying, if it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it’s a duck?” he asks. “If it looks like a sports bet, if it sounds like a sports bet, if it pays off like a sports bet, if it’s on a sporting event—it’s a sports bet.”

Mulvaney, who was President Trump’s acting White House chief of staff from 2019 to 2020, is now leading a new advocacy coalition called Gambling Is Not Investing, which will lobby for prediction markets to be regulated by state gambling laws. He joins a number of other prominent Republicans calling for similar rules. Earlier this month, former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and current Utah Governor Spencer Cox both spoke out against the current federal approach to regulating prediction markets. (Christie also used the “quack like a duck” line.)

These developments are part of a fierce political battle over how prediction markets are regulated. On the federal level, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) oversees these platforms, which are currently classified as derivatives markets. While a traditional sportsbook will offer customers a chance to place a bet on which team will win or lose a game, a prediction market will offer an “event contract” on the outcome. Critics view the difference as little more than a loophole, and state authorities from across the country are currently pursuing lawsuits against prediction market companies like Kalshi, alleging that they violate state gambling laws. (While these markets offer event contracts on a wide variety of topics, sporting events are their most popular offerings.) “I love the CFTC, but they’re not set up to do this,” says Mulvaney.

Recently, a group of 23 Democratic Senators sent the CFTC a letter urging it to allow these court cases to play out. It did not appear to go over well; CFTC head Michael Selig insists that prediction markets are correctly classified, and that his agency has jurisdiction over the industry. After Selig released a video promising to see those who “challenge our authority” in court, the CFTC even took the unprecedented step of filing a brief in support of the cryptocurrency platform Crypto.com, which faces a lawsuit from Nevada regulators over its prediction market offering.

During the Biden Administration, the CFTC took a notably different approach to prediction markets, even fining Polymarket $1.4 million for failing to register as a derivatives market and temporarily blocking it from operating in the US.

Now, though, the agency’s friendlier approach appears to dovetail with the White House’s interest in the industry. The Trumps have numerous ties to the prediction market world. Truth Social, the social media platform majority-owned by President Trump and his family, is planning its own prediction market offering, reportedly called Truth Predict. Donald Trump Jr is an advisor to both Kalshi and Polymarket, and his venture capital firm has invested in the latter.

But the launch of Gambling Not Investing demonstrates that there is a growing wing of the Republican party that feels the prediction markets need more guardrails. Its founding member organizations include a number of conservative consumer advocacy groups, including Moms for America, Consumer Action for a Strong Economy, and Frontiers of Freedom.

Mulvaney is hopeful that he can make his case to the current White House. “Their default position is going to be to regulate less, not more. And I respect that,” he says. “But I also know that in the first Trump administration, when there were common sense reasons to do some regulation, that we did that.”



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When the Internet Goes Dark, the Truth Goes With It

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When the Internet Goes Dark, the Truth Goes With It


Alaqad says that because traditional media outlets pick and choose what to show their audiences, losing on-the-ground journalists means losing parts of the truth. “When the people are being silenced and censored, and they don’t have a space for them to talk or a platform to express what’s happening, and for us to see what’s happening through their eyes, there will always be limitations [on] how much we know,” she says.

In every crisis, when communication breaks down, accountability is lost and injustice becomes easier to ignore. “Injustice is super loud,” Alaqad says. “Justice needs to be louder.”

Targeted

Journalists are also silenced permanently. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) wrote in December 2025 that 67 media professionals were killed that year, 43 percent of whom were killed in Gaza by Israeli armed forces. The total number of journalists killed in Gaza since October 7, 2023 has risen to over 220, according to the RSF. The UN estimate sits at more than 260.

“When we look at it within the framework of imposing a ban on the foreign press entering Gaza now, more than two years into that war, when they are restricting the free movement of journalists within Gaza and into Gaza, when we are talking about an unprecedented massacre of journalists, the targeting of media offices and the targeting of communication infrastructure just becomes another piece of that puzzle, which aims at imposing a media blackout,” Dagher says. Israel has repeatedly denied claims that it targets journalists or media infrastructure.

“Killing journalists means killing and silencing the truth,” Alaqad says. In her experience, this strategy works on multiple levels—killing journalists means fewer people reporting on the ground, but equally, it turns journalists into a threat to the people. “This is also sending a message to the people that all journalists are a threat, don’t talk to journalists, stay away from journalists,” she explains.

She recalls her mother begging her not to wear her press vest and helmet. Meant to signify neutrality and protect journalists in the field, instead, it made her feel like a target. “It’s supposed to protect, but on the contrary, it actually puts risk on your life and even on your beloved ones and the ones around you,” she explains.

Alaqad says it was not always this way. Early on, people would greet journalists, offer them food, and thank them for their work. “After a couple of months, when they’d seen journalists getting targeted, Palestinians started treating journalists differently,” she says.

To report in Gaza was to work inside a landscape where time itself was unstable and not guaranteed. Plans rarely extended beyond daylight. Conversations ended abruptly. Addresses became memorials overnight. “The only certainty in Gaza is uncertainty,” Alaqad says.

She recalls interviewing families and planning to return the next day, only to find that the people she spoke with had been killed in airstrikes.

She has since left Gaza, and is pursuing a master’s degree in media studies at the American University of Beirut. She received the Shireen Abu Akleh Memorial Endowed Scholarship, named for the Palestinian journalist killed by Israeli forces in May 2022.

Digital Truths

Going viral on social media helped her reach people, but it also put her at risk. “It showed millions of people around the world what’s happening in Gaza, but at what cost? Being in Gaza could cost you your life, especially as a journalist,” she says.

Despite the reach of digital reporting, she does not trust its permanence. Accounts disappear, posts are removed and videos are lost. What is available today may be gone tomorrow.



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