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Molecular engineering strategy boosts efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells

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Molecular engineering strategy boosts efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells


Perovskite crystal structure and orientation. Credit: Nature Energy (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x

Solar cells, devices that can directly convert radiation emitted from the sun into electricity, have become increasingly widespread and are contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. While existing silicon-based solar cells have attained good performances, energy engineers have been exploring alternative designs that could be more efficient and affordable.

Perovskites, a class of materials with a characteristic crystal structure, have proved to be particularly promising for the development of low-cost and energy-efficient solar energy solutions. Recent studies specifically highlighted the potential of inverted perovskite solar cells, devices in which the extraction charge layers are arranged in the reverse order compared to traditional designs.

Inverted perovskite solar cells could be more stable and easier to manufacture on a large-scale than conventional perovskite-based cells. Nonetheless, most inverted cells developed so far were found to exhibit low energy-efficiencies, due to the uncontrolled formation of crystal grains that can produce defects and adversely impact the transport of charge carriers generated by sunlight.

Researchers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology recently devised a new molecular engineering strategy to control the crystallization of perovskite materials in inverted solar cells. This promising approach, outlined in a paper published in Nature Energy, entails mixing special naphthalene-based molecules into perovskites, to ensure that they grow more uniformly.

“Formamidinium and cesium metal halide perovskites enable high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells, but uncontrolled crystallization limits their performance,” wrote Qisen Zhou, Guoyu Huang and their colleagues in their paper. “We regulate the nucleation and growth of the perovskite through aromatic interactions between naphthalene ammonium salts and naphthalenesulfonates.”

Essentially, the researchers mixed naphthalene-based molecules into the perovskite solution to control the formation and growth of perovskite crystals. They found that the resulting perovskite films were uniform and had very few defects, which is highly favorable for the development of inverted solar cells.

“The ammonium groups of the naphthalene ammonium salts occupy the formamidinium site, while the sulfonate groups of the naphthalenesulfonates coordinate with lead ions,” explained the authors. “Their naphthalene moieties form tight aromatic stacking adjacent to the [PbI6]4 octahedra. These interactions promote ordered out-of-plane crystallization along the (100) plane, enhancing defect passivation and carrier transport.”

Zhou, Huang and his colleagues used the uniform perovskite films they created to fabricate inverted . They then tested the performance, efficiency and stability of these cells under continuous illumination.

“We achieve a of 27.02% (certified 26.88%) for inverted solar cells,” wrote the researchers. “Encapsulated devices retain 98.2% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination in ambient air. Furthermore, we demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 23.18% for inverted mini-modules with an aperture area of 11.09 cm2 and a certified efficiency of 29.07% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.”

The initial results gathered by this research team are highly promising, highlighting the promise of their molecular engineering approach for the development of energy-efficient inverted perovskite . In the future, their strategy could be further refined to achieve additional efficiency gains and used to realize high-quality films with varying compositions.

Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Lisa Lock, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Qisen Zhou et al, Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency, Nature Energy (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x

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‘Uncanny Valley’: Iran’s Threats on US Tech, Trump’s Plans for Midterms, and Polymarket’s Pop-up Flop

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‘Uncanny Valley’: Iran’s Threats on US Tech, Trump’s Plans for Midterms, and Polymarket’s Pop-up Flop


Kate Knibbs: So, you went twice?

Makena Kelly: Yes, Kate. I went twice.

Kate Knibbs: I missed that.

Zoë Schiffer: Wait, is the Pentagon Pizza thing a joke about the pizza predicting the war?

Makena Kelly: Yeah.

Zoë Schiffer: Oh, my God.

Makena Kelly: Because they had these Pentagon pizza trackers up. When I returned the second night, yes, I came back the second night. Everything was working for the most part. There were still some screens that were turned off, but I never saw any actual Bloomberg terminals. There were some monitory Bloomberg type terminal things that it looked like Polymarket had developed themselves, but the real $50,000 Bloomberg terminal was nowhere to be found. And yeah, the second night, again, it was mostly people looking to gawk at the event, except I did find a couple of people who placed some bets on platforms like Polymarket and Kalshi. One was named William, and he said he was a member of the military, wouldn’t give me his full name. And he last year got involved in this for the first time by putting in, I think, all of his tax return into Oklahoma City sports betting.

Makena Kelly, archival audio: So, you used Kalshi?

William, archival audio: Yes.

Makena Kelly, archival audio: When did you first start using the service?

William, archival audio: Probably when I got my tax return back.

Makena Kelly, archival audio: OK.

William, archival audio: So, I filed my taxes pretty early and I was like, “Oh, sweet. I got my tax return. What am I going to do with it?” So, I was like, “I’m going to just put it on Kalshi.”

Makena Kelly: He said that he goes up and down 100 dollars, but he hasn’t made any major winnings. Some of the stuff that we’ve heard. Some people making crazy insider bets making millions and millions of dollars. This is just a guy who was interested in this and just plays it for fun, it sounds like.

Brian Barrett: Kate, what do you see when you see a pop-up like this and Polymarket trying to—is it an attempt to legitimize itself to just a marketing stunt? And how does it tie into what you’re seeing with these companies anyway, that there’s the explosive growth that they’ve got trying to reach out to so many people and getting so many people hooked on what they’re offering?

Kate Knibbs: I mean, this particular event definitely seems like a very bald effort to woo DC-based journalists, if nothing else. One thing that Makena said sort of encapsulates what’s going on right now, the thing about the guys in the Palantir hoodies. So, I think it was the same week that this bar opened. Polymarket announced a partnership with Palantir and Palantir is helping them protect the integrity of their sports market. So, Palantir is going to be basically attempting to help Polymarket catch insider traders and market manipulators in all the sports games, which is kind of wild. I actually asked Polymarket last week whether they had any other deals with Palantir when I was trying to get them to say anything about whether they were investigating the Iran bets that have been raising a lot of eyebrows. And they said that Palantir was only helping them with sports, which I thought was freaking weird. And it speaks to how they’re rapidly expanding, but doing so in this really messy ad hoc way that doesn’t really make a lot of sense. Because I was like, “If you’re going to get Palantir involved, why wouldn’t you have them do this geopolitical stuff instead of March Madness?” Yeah, wild, wild times.



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The Google Pixel 10 Is $150 Off

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The Google Pixel 10 Is 0 Off


On the hunt for a new Android smartphone? Amazon currently has the 128GB Pixel 10 in Obsidian marked down to just $649, $150 off its usual price. It’s one of our favorite Android smartphones, particularly for users who take a lot of photos.

  • Photograph: Julian Chokkattu

  • Photograph: Julian Chokkattu

  • Photograph: Julian Chokkattu

Google

Pixel 10, Pixel 10 Pro, and Pixel 10 Pro XL

The biggest advantage to a Pixel over other Android smartphones is that you get the latest features from Google as soon as they’re available, often before other brands implement them. There are special camera modes that let you stitch together multiple group shots, or help you improve the angle and lighting with helpful tips. You’ll also find novel features like real-time translations and spam call screening, and Google even figured out how to let you AirDrop files with iOS users.

All of that functionality is powered by some of the better hardware you can find in an Android phone. The Pixel 10 sports a 6.3-inch OLED display with a 120Hz refresh rate for gaming and smoother scrolling. The Tensor G5 is a step up from the 10a’s Tensor G4 chip, and sports 12 GB of memory for better performance. They even support Qi2 wireless charging, making them compatible with existing MagSafe accessories.

While the Pixel 10a will satisfy most folks, the Pixel 10 offers a variety of upgrades over the more basic model, most of which pertain to the cameras and image processing. The rear camera has a proper 5X optical zoom, letting you nail those nature shots without scaring the wildlife, and the front camera sports auto-focus, which will make your big group selfies less of a headache. Oddly, the battery is actually a bit smaller in the Pixel 10, but neither disappointed us when it came to longevity.

If you’re sold on the Pixel 10, I spotted the discounted $649 price point for the 128 GB model in both Obsidian and Lemongrass, or $749 in Indigo. If you need more storage, the Obsidian and Frost colors were both marked down to $749 for the upgraded 256 GB version. If you’re wondering what other Android smartphones we like, make sure to check out our in-depth guide with picks from Google, Samsung, and OnePlus.



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OpenAI Buys Some Positive News

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OpenAI Buys Some Positive News


OpenAI announced Thursday that it had acquired the online business talk show TBPN for an undisclosed sum. The move comes as OpenAI struggles with its public image, which has taken a significant hit in recent months.

Since launching in 2024, TBPN has risen in popularity among Silicon Valley circles by offering a daily live stream about the technology industry that’s seen as more tech-friendly than traditional outlets. The show’s two hosts, John Coogan and Jordi Hays, offer real-time commentary on breaking news, cycle through viral social media posts, and interview executives from companies including Meta, Salesforce, Palantir and OpenAI. It’s become especially popular among OpenAI staff and other AI researchers, many of whom are addicted to the social media platform X.

It’s hard to understand how a media startup fits into OpenAI’s core businesses selling ChatGPT, Codex, and a new super app the company is developing to consumers and enterprises. Last month, OpenAI’s CEO of Applications, Fidji Simo, told staff in an all hands meeting that the company needed to cancel its side projects and refocus around its core businesses.

In a memo to staff announcing the acquisition, Simo said the typical communications playbook does not apply to OpenAI. “We’re not a typical company,” she said in the memo, which was also published as a blog. “We’re driving a really big technological shift. And with the mission of bringing AGI to the world comes a responsibility to help create a space for a real, constructive conversation about the changes AI creates—with builders and people using the technology at the center.”

TBPN is a small business compared to OpenAI. The media firm says it generated $5 million in ad revenue last year, and was on track to make more than $30 million in revenue in 2026, according to the The Wall Street Journal. The show reportedly reaches around 70,000 viewers per episode across a variety of platforms. A source close to OpenAI says the company doesn’t expect TBPN to contribute financially to the business, though it will help with OpenAI’s communications strategy.

OpenAI has fallen under increased public scrutiny in recent months. After the company signed a deal with the Department of Defense in February, Anthropic’s Claude surged in downloads and claimed the top spot among Apple’s free apps. OpenAI’s leaders are also dealing with a growing QuitGPT movement which is made up of people who vow to never use OpenAI’s products. OpenAI President Greg Brockman cited AI’s popularity issues as a core reason for his increased political spending.

The acquisition makes OpenAI the latest Silicon Valley player to try owning and operating a news business. In recent decades, there have been several notable examples of technology leaders purchasing media firms, including Jeff Bezos buying The Washington Post, Marc Benioff buying Time Magazine, and Robinhood buying the newsletter company MarketSnacks. In each case, the acquisitions raised immediate questions about whether the outlets would remain truly independent. In her memo, Simo told staff that TBPN will retain editorial independence.

“TBPN is my favorite tech show. We want them to keep that going and for them to do what they do so well,” said OpenAI CEO Sam Altman in a post on X. “I don’t expect them to go any easier on us, [and I] am sure I’ll do my part to help enable that with occasional stupid decisions.”

OpenAI said TBPN will continue to “run their programming, choose their guests, and make their own editorial decisions,” according to Simo’s memo The company also said that TBPN will report directly to OpenAI’s VP of global affairs, Chris Lehane. WIRED previously reported how an economic research team under Lehane had struggled to report on AI’s negative impacts on the economy.



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