Tech
Simulation tool improves accuracy and speed of electric grid modeling
Covering half of North America, the U.S. electric grid functions somewhat like a vast, complex organism. Researchers at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a new simulation platform for understanding and predicting the behavior of this modern grid. Using a combination of mathematical tools, automation and analysis, the approach provides highly accurate results with less computing time at a lower cost, increasing the reliability of electricity.
Simulation uses mathematical approaches to reproduce the dynamics of a real-world system. This allows utilities and planners to analyze grid management methods without any risk to safety, equipment or electrical service. ORNL researchers refined a cutting-edge grid modeling approach called Electromagnetic Transient simulation (EMT), which is especially effective for analyzing the split-second reactions of modern power electronics. This capability helps operators prevent cascading blackouts and unsafe operating conditions in modern electric grids brimming with power electronics.
“We are trying to understand electronics and systems in a way that mimics their real behavior with higher fidelity,” said ORNL researcher Phani Marthi. “The challenge today is that high-fidelity EMT simulation is extremely time-consuming to simulate large-scale modern power grid systems.”
The ORNL simulation approach is tackling those challenges, as Marthi and his co-authors explained in a paper that was presented in the best paper session at the July general meeting of the IEEE Power and Energy Society.
Representing the next phase of ORNL’s national leadership in EMT simulation, the ORNL tool is called RE-INTEGRATE for its enhanced speed and accuracy at simulating large-scale power systems that integrate many power electronics.
In the past, the grid relied on the natural momentum of huge rotating mechanical machines and power flowing in a single direction along established paths, like a locomotive on a track. But today, power electronics make the grid respond more like a sports car, with rapid electronic adjustments instead of built-in momentum. Unfortunately, today’s grid is not fully ready for that speed. RE-INTEGRATE helps utilities map the best route for the grid of the future.
Power electronics accommodate generating and moving electricity in different ways. They can also enable both alternating and direct current in long-distance power transmission. This could expand the capacity of the U.S. grid to support a growing population and economy, including new industries such as data centers for AI and cryptocurrency.
Unlike existing EMT models, RE-INTEGRATE is intended as an open-source platform that incorporates features such as numerical simulation techniques, automation and intelligence based on neural networks that function more like the brain for faster computation. These features offer unique advantages over existing tools in analyzing modern grids.
Eventually, the tool will be able to replicate faults—disruptions in the power grid caused by equipment failure, short circuits, or other technical issues—like the one that wiped out power to much of Spain and Portugal in April. “Analysis with the RE-INTEGRATE tool can give us new insights into how to consistently prevent or stop cascading blackouts and brownouts,” Marthi said.
One of the fundamental building blocks of RE-INTEGRATE is differential algebraic equation solvers. These algorithms reduce the degree of manual processing required for an immense volume of data. As a proof of concept, ORNL researchers validated the effectiveness of these solvers on simple power electronics circuits.
The long-term goal is honing the software to simulate all possible circumstances that could arise from fast-acting power electronics systems interacting with grid components in a large-scale power grid, equivalent to the grid of the eastern United States.
This will broaden the accuracy benefits of EMT while enabling greater understanding of how the parts of the broader grid affect each other across service areas and regions.
“Beyond accelerating the EMT simulation, the next major challenge lies in managing and sifting through the huge volumes of data generated by EMT simulations,” Marthi said. ORNL researchers are already developing advanced analysis techniques, including the use of specialized neural networks, so that the RE-INTEGRATE tool can enhance power system operations and support informed decision-making. “We want to create an entire EMT ecosystem with RE-INTEGRATE as the backbone, including all these capabilities so utilities use it more often and with more confidence.”
Researchers who contributed to the development of automation and solvers for RE-INTEGRATE include ORNL researchers Jongchan Choi and Suman Debnath with support from student Soumyajit Gangopadhyay and intern Kuan-Chieh Hsu.
RE-INTEGRATE advances will be presented during an EMT simulation workshop at ORNL, co-hosted by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation Oct. 7-9 in Knoxville, Tennessee.
More information:
Paper: RE-INTEGRATE EMT Simulation Software: DAE Solvers and Automation
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Tech
We Made More Than a Thousand Pizzas to Find the Best Pizza Ovens
The Dome is big. It’s not portable, practical, or inexpensive. It accepts the romance of wood, or the brute power of propane or natural gas. Its height makes it versatile enough for steaks, fish, or other skillet meals. This pizza oven is designed to be a fixture in your life and backyard, bolstered by an ever-expanding accessory set. And it also more than earns its place there, once you buy a snap-on Neapolitan arch accessory ($60) to bolster its insulation.
The Gozney makes truly excellent high-temperature pizza. Most backyard ovens, even our other favorites on this list, tend to struggle to reach and maintain the 900-degree temps needed for proper Neapolitan crust. The Dome Gen 2 gets there in 20 minutes, it heats admirably evenly, and it’s responsible for the best pizzas that my colleague Kat Merck says she’s made in her entire life. This is worth noting, given that she was editor and recipe tester for pizzaiolo Ken Forkish’s iconic pizza book The Elements of Pizza. (For what it’s worth, Forkish also uses a Dome Gen 2 at home, while enjoying his retirement. He likes using dough at 67 percent hydration, while cooking at 900 degrees in the Dome.)
A couple caveats, however: Gozney often markets the Dome as being able to cook two pizzas at the same time. This is a silly thing to do at the temperatures you’re cooking at. Cook one pizza. If you use the Neapolitan Arch, it’ll make the oven’s aperture narrow enough that you’ll need to limit yourself to a 12-inch peel anyway. The price of a Gozney Dome also rises considerably once you start delving into the accessories. With the stand, cover, Neapolitan arch, wood fire control kit, turning peel, and 15 pounds of Gozney-brand kiln-dried hardwood, the final price for the Dome Gen 2 can rack up as high as $3,270.
Best Big Pizza Oven for Families: Ooni Koda Max
Ooni’s large oven is for everyone who is sick of feeding their families with multiple teeny-tiny 12-inch pies and just wants to make a massive 20-inch cheese pizza for all the kids at once. You can either attach a propane tank or hook it to your natural gas line. If this is a possibility for you, then I recommend the latter. Ooni has a new gas management technology that keeps the temperature consistent across the huge surface. But big, powerful ovens use a lot of fuel: Its 35,000 BTUs put this Koda Max nearly on par with a 3-burner Traeger griddle. That heat will also come pouring out the open front of the oven, which means the Max is not ideal for small patios.
Tech
He Started a Social Network Alone. Then 5 Million People Signed Up
If you haven’t heard of UpScrolled before, a brief primer: It’s a social media platform not too different from, say, Instagram or TikTok. You can share photos or short videos, follow accounts, comment on posts, and amass a following of your own. Nothing too earth-shattering, right?
UpScrolled founder Issam Hijazi would beg to differ. Indeed, his nascent company diverges from most Big Tech platforms in a few notable ways: UpScrolled offers an old-fashioned chronological feed, rather than one dictated by an algorithm ostensibly serving up content you’ll latch onto; the platform also promises not to share user data with marketing firms or other commercial enterprises. And Hijazi, who is of Palestinian descent, founded UpScrolled in response to widespread user allegations that some social media companies were censoring or shadow-banning their posts—particularly pro-Palestinian content. The platform explicitly vows “never” to covertly suppress content, provided it doesn’t violate UpScrolled’s community guidelines.
Aside from breaking with plenty of Big Tech norms, Hijazi’s stance is rare among Silicon Valley types for being uniquely, overtly ideological. (In our conversation, Hijazi told me that he “personally” ensured UpScrolled users couldn’t select Israel as a location when using the platform.) But the approach has resonated: When we first met in February, a mere eight months after Hijazi launched UpScrolled, the platform had rapidly amassed 2.5 million users following freakouts over TikTok’s deal with President Trump to form a US-based version of the company controlled by American investors. Hijazi was, at that time, UpScrolled’s only employee.
Today, as UpScrolled counts more than 5 million users, Hijazi has rushed to scale his team to meet the platform’s growing needs—particularly around content moderation. Recently, his company has found itself in the crosshairs of organizations like the Anti-Defamation League, which alleges it doesn’t do nearly enough to stomp out antisemitic and extremist content. During a wide-ranging conversation last week I asked Hijazi about those claims, and how UpScrolled is catching up with its own rapid growth.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
KATIE DRUMMOND: Hi, Issam, welcome to The Big Interview.
ISSAM HIJAZI: Hi, Katie. Thank you for having me.
I’m very happy you’re here. I want to start with your background. It’s a fascinating one. Previously, you’ve worked for big tech companies. You worked at IBM; you worked at Oracle. Tell us about your history with tech and how it shaped your views on the tech industry and on social media more specifically.
I’ve been working in the tech industry for the past 17 and a half years. Prior to that, I started coding when I was 12 years old. So I was pretty involved in IT and technology from a very early stage. Now, within my career, as you mentioned, I did work with the likes of Oracle, IBM, Hitachi, and then small startups.
As a young professional, that is a dream job. That is something that every kid wants to be in. Great companies that have great technologies and there’s a lot of opportunity to learn, but as you get to understand and learn about the mechanics of these companies, you start to wonder: Is this the right place to be at? This is a feeling I started to have in the past three years, and that made me shift my focus on wanting to start something new.
These companies have been complicit in bad things that are happening around the world. Things like genocide in Gaza, for instance, by supplying technology, infrastructure, knowledge, et cetera, to countries like Israel. And allowing them to do surveillance. Personally, I felt complicit just working for them, and I wanted out.
Tech
Nobody Knows How to File Taxes on Prediction Market Wins
How do you file taxes on prediction market profits? It seems like the type of straightforward question any halfway decent bookkeeper should be able to answer. Right now, though, it’s a conundrum for tax experts across the country. “You have a vacuum of guidance,” says Patrick Camuso, an accountant who specializes in digital assets. “It puts the taxpayer in a bad position.”
Prediction markets have been around for decades, so this isn’t a new issue. But platforms like Kalshi and Polymarket have exploded in popularity since last year, which means the question of how to properly account for prediction market gains has shifted from a niche concern to something far more urgent for many people. While only a small sliver of the population actually uses the markets—around 3 percent, according to a recent poll—that still means millions of US residents are obligated to report their wins and losses to the Internal Revenue Service. There’s big money in play here. Kalshi, which has a predominantly American user base, saw over $12 billion in monthly trade volume this past March, according to markets tracker Defi Rate.
Kalshi declined to comment. The IRS and Polymarket did not respond to requests for comment.
The IRS has not issued official guidelines on how to approach prediction markets, which means people who used these platforms now have to muddle their way through tax season hoping they aren’t inadvertently breaking the law. There are several potential ways to report wins and losses; some people are applying a statute governing tax reports on financial derivatives (like futures contracts and foreign currency contracts). Others are treating their prediction market gains as they would gambling winnings or are simply reporting them as regular income and crossing their fingers. Capuso describes the prediction markets as “a mix of wagering, derivatives, and investment contracts all mixed together in a unique bucket” and says that he assesses what clients owe on a case-by-case basis. “Our firm generally takes a more conservative position for most clients due to the ambiguity around a lot of the tax rules.”
For traders who report prediction markets earnings as gambling winnings, the process can be onerous. Bettors must track their winnings on a “per session” basis, which means that instead of reporting a net amount, a thorough record of each wager must be kept. Nate Meininger, a Phoenix-based prediction market trader, has joked on X about how the lack of guidance means you don’t have to declare the income. In real life, however, he says he reports gains by looking at the tax documents offered by platforms like Kalshi and consulting with an accountant. “I don’t track it myself,” he says. “That seems like a lot of work.”
US-based prediction market traders who access Polymarket and other crypto-based platforms by using virtual private networks are in an especially tricky spot, since the company does not issue tax documentation (and because they are legally banned from using unlicensed platforms). As US citizens are obligated to report income regardless of its source, traders who buy contracts on Polymarket and its ilk must self-report their earnings. “The offshore exchanges are harder,” Meininger says.
Changes at the IRS may make things harder still. The tax agency is in the middle of a significant overhaul, with some modernization efforts spearheaded by operatives from the so-called Department of Government Efficiency. It is currently pursuing more sophisticated strategies to identify which taxpayers to audit; last year, the IRS paid Palantir $1.8 million to improve a custom tool designed to flag “high-value” auditing cases, as WIRED recently reported.
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