Tech
Spark plasma sintering and diffusion technology yield high-performance permanent magnets for green industries
A research team has developed an innovative manufacturing process for permanent magnets that overcomes the limitations of conventional techniques. The team’s breakthrough significantly advances the diffusion technology, which is essential for improving magnetic performance, and creates new possibilities for applying high-efficiency magnets in eco-friendly industries such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, and robotics.
The findings are published in the Journal of Alloys and Compounds.
The joint research team from the Nano Technology Research Division at DGIST was led by Dr. Donghwan Kim and Dr. Jungmin Kim.
With the rapid growth of the electric vehicle and wind power sectors, the demand for powerful permanent magnets capable of stable operation at high temperatures has soared. A major example is the neodymium (Nd-Fe-B) permanent magnet, widely used in electric vehicle motors. However, these magnets experience a decline in magnetic performance under extreme heat, requiring the addition of heavy rare-earth elements such as terbium (Tb) and dysprosium (Dy) to maintain their strength. The challenge is that these elements are both rare and expensive.
To address this issue, the grain boundary diffusion process has been widely adopted. This technique enhances magnetic performance by infiltrating a small amount of heavy rare-earth material into the magnet’s surface. However, diffusion in this process is limited to the surface layer and does not penetrate into the magnet’s interior, making it difficult to apply to thick magnets.
To overcome this limitation, the research team combined spark plasma sintering, an advanced manufacturing technique, with the grain boundary diffusion process. By pre-mixing the diffusion material during the powder-based magnet fabrication stage, uniform diffusion was achieved throughout the magnet. Consequently, the diffusion depth increased markedly compared with that achieved by existing methods, allowing for the creation of a core–shell structure in which the magnet exhibits uniform and enhanced magnetic performance.
Remarkably, even with the same amount of rare-earth material, the new process achieved higher diffusion efficiency and significantly improved overall performance. This advancement makes it possible to produce magnets that are smaller and lighter while maintaining strong magnetic strength. It is expected to contribute to the miniaturization, weight reduction, and improved energy efficiency of electric vehicle motors. Additionally, the process shows great potential for application to large-scale magnets.
Principal Researcher Dr. Donghwan Kim stated, “This study presents a method that overcomes the limitations of the conventional grain boundary diffusion technology, enabling uniform performance throughout the magnet. It will make a significant contribution to the development of high-performance permanent magnets required in eco-friendly energy industries such as electric vehicles and wind power generation.”
More information:
Seong Chan Kim et al, Homogeneous core-shell structure formation in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets through advanced spark plasma sintering and internal grain boundary diffusion, Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.183635
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Tech
WIRED Roundup: DOGE Isn’t Dead, Facebook Dating Is Real, and Amazon’s AI Ambitions
Leah Feiger: So it’s a really good question actually, and it’s one that I’ve thought about for quite some time. I think if it’s not annoying, I want to read this quote from Scott Kupor, the director of OPM and the former managing partner at Andreessen Horowitz, to be clear, just to remind everyone where people are coming from in this current administration. He posted this on X late last month, and this was part of Reuter’s reporting. So he posts, “The truth is, DOGE may not have centralized leadership under USDS anymore, but the principles of DOGE remain alive and well, deregulation, eliminating fraud, waste and abuse, reshaping the federal workforce, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.” Which is the exact same, the thing that they’ve been saying this entire time, but it’s all smoke and mirrors, right? It’s like, oh no, no, well, DOGE doesn’t exactly exist anymore. There’s no Elon Musk character leading it, which Elon Musk himself said on the podcast with Joe Rogan last month as well. He’s like, “Yeah, once I left, they weren’t able to pick on anyone, but don’t worry, DOGE is still there.” So it feels wild to watch people fall for this and go like, “DOGE is gone now.” And I’m like, they’re literally telling us that it’s not.
Zoë Schiffer: I think one thing that does feel honestly true is that it is harder and harder to differentiate where DOGE stops and the Trump administration begins because they have infiltrated so many different parts of government and the DOGE ethos, what you’re talking about, deregulation, cost cuttings, zero-based budgeting, those have really become kind of table stakes for the admin, right?
Leah Feiger: I think that’s such a good point. And honestly, by the end of Elon Musk’s reign, something that kept coming up wasn’t necessarily that the Trump administration didn’t agree with DOGE’s ethos at all. It was that they didn’t really agree with how Musk was going about it. They didn’t like that he was stepping on Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and having fights outside of the Oval Office. That was bad optics and that also wasn’t helping the Trump administration even look like they were on top of it.
Tech
Horses, the Most Controversial Game of the Year, Doesn’t Live Up to the Hype
The debate over Horses’ delisting is emblematic of a bigger fight that’s taken place this year, when platforms such as Steam and Itch.io yanked down “NSFW” and “porn” games in July. Developers, players, and trade organizations have continued to be vocal about developers’ creative rights to make games that deal with adult content.
“Developers shouldn’t have to compromise their creative vision, but we also have to acknowledge that games exist within capitalist structures where access to platforms determines livelihood,” says Jakin Vela, executive director of the International Game Developers Association, a nonprofit supporting game developers. “The key is informed decision-making and understanding what each platform allows, what risks exist, and whether your artistic goals outweigh those risks.”
Still, Vela says, these removals have exposed the fragility of developers’ economic security. “We should be concerned whenever a system allows a creator’s livelihood to be cut off without transparency or recourse,” he says. The video game industry is highly consolidated, with a handful of platforms controlling access to the vast majority of players. “That imbalance creates a structural issue, not necessarily because platforms enforce rules, but because there are so few viable alternatives.”
Santa Ragione’s future should not hinge on its ability to exist on Steam or any other platform. A bad project should not spell the end of a developer who is, for all the criticisms I have of its game, trying to say something. That part of this story may still yet have a happy, or at least a survivable, ending. The Streisand effect is paying off for Horses. On the digital distribution platform GOG, where it’s still available, the game is a top-seller.
Horses needs to be defended against censorship. It is also a bad game that should be examined as such. But while the conversation around Horses is still stalling out about why the game is allowed to exist, or how it’s not that offensive, the better question is why we really care about it at all—and why, as players, we feel so reluctant to talk about its failings like any other piece of media.
Tech
Silk & Snow Seemingly Cannot Miss—So Don’t Skip This Sale That Ends in 2 Days
I try to test every individual product critically and neutrally, but sometimes a brand comes along that seemingly cannot miss. We have liked everything we’ve tried from Silk & Snow, and right now the company is hosting a Cyber Week Sale that runs through December 7. You can save on some of our favorite bed frames and mattresses that we’ve tested long-term in our own homes, and if you prefer to browse on your own, the sale offers up to 35 percent off site-wide. I’ve rounded up the highlights on WIRED-tested gear below.
WIRED Featured Deals:
Silk & Snow Bed Frame With Drawer Storage for $560 ($140 off)
In our Bed Frame Buying Guide, I say that Silk & Snow could charge more for this bed frame—but right now, it’s 20 percent off. Assembly is a little bit annoying. But the fabric-covered headboard is gorgeous, and the frame is sturdy. My favorite part is the drawer cleverly concealed at the foot of the frame, with its two partitions and its magnetic closure. It does feel a little jarring if you open and close the drawer while your partner is in bed, but I like having extra storage in my room, especially since this frame is too low to the ground to allow for stashing things under it.
Silk & Snow S&S Organic Mattress for $765 ($235 off)
The S&S Organic Mattress is the best organic latex mattress. It’s very soft and offers a lot of pressure relief and support, but the responsive material means it’s better suited to solo sleepers than it is to couples. It feels like a soft, dense marshmallow, per our sleep reviewer Julia Forbes, who advises using lightweight blankets and cooling sheets if you’re a hot sleeper and also raved about the lengthy year-long sleep trial. As part of the Cyber Week sale, you can choose between a free sleep bundle (with a sheet set, a duvet, two microfiber pillows, and a mattress protector) or you can opt out of the bundle to get an extra 10 percent off your mattress.
Silk & Snow Wooden Bed Frame for $1,040 ($260 off)
This bed frame from Silk & Snow made our list of the best Thuma dupes. The Japanese joinery platform frame comes in your choice of natural rubber wood or cortado acacia wood, each in two different finishes. Assembly is pretty easy and doesn’t require any special tools, and you’ll get a robust five-year warranty. The resulting frame is sturdy and gorgeous, though we recommend having a helper around if you need to disassemble the frame to protect the finish on the wood.
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