Tech
Artificial neuron merges DRAM with MoS₂ circuits to better emulate brain-like adaptability
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning systems has increased the demand for new hardware components that could speed up data analysis while consuming less power. As machine learning algorithms draw inspiration from biological neural networks, some engineers have been working on hardware that also mimics the architecture and functioning of the human brain.
Brain-inspired, or neuromorphic, hardware typically integrates components that mimic the functioning of brain cells, which are thus referred to as artificial neurons. Artificial neurons are connected to one another, with their connections weakening or strengthening over time.
This process resembles synaptic plasticity, the ability of the brain to adapt over time in response to experience and learning. By emulating synaptic plasticity, neuromorphic computing systems could run machine learning algorithms more efficiently, consuming less energy when analyzing large amounts of data and making predictions.
Researchers at Fudan University have recently developed a device based on the ultrathin semiconductor monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) that could emulate the adaptability of biological neurons better than other artificial neurons introduced in the past. The new system, introduced in a paper published in Nature Electronics, combines a type of computer memory known as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with MoS₂-based circuits.
“Neuromorphic hardware that accurately simulates diverse neuronal behaviors could be of use in the development of edge intelligence,” Yin Wang, Saifei Gou and their colleagues wrote in their paper.
“Hardware that incorporates synaptic plasticity—adaptive changes that strengthen or weaken synaptic connections—has been explored, but mimicking the full spectrum of learning and memory processes requires the interplay of multiple plasticity mechanisms, including intrinsic plasticity. We show that an integrate-and-fire neuron can be created by combining a dynamic random-access memory and an inverter that are based on wafer-scale monolayer molybdenum disulfide films.”
The artificial neuron developed by the researchers has two key components: a DRAM system and an inverter circuit. DRAMs are memory systems that can store electrical charges in structures known as capacitors. The amount of electrical charge in the capacitors can be modulated to mimic variations in the electrical charge across the membrane of biological neurons, which ultimately determine whether they will fire or not.
An inverter, on the other hand, is an electronic circuit that can flip an input signal from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa. In the team’s artificial neuron, this circuit enables the generation of bursts of electricity resembling those observed in biological neurons when they fire.
“In the system, the voltage in the dynamic random-access memory capacitor—that is, the neuronal membrane potential—can be modulated to emulate intrinsic plasticity,” wrote the authors. “The module can also emulate the photopic and scotopic adaptation of the human visual system by dynamically adjusting its light sensitivity.”
To assess the potential of the artificial neuron they created, the researchers fabricated a few and assembled them into a 3 × 3 grid. They then tested the ability of this 3×3 neuron array to adapt its responses to inputs based on changes in light, mimicking how the human visual system adapts in different lighting conditions. Finally, they used their system to run a model for image recognition and assessed its performance.
“We fabricate a 3 × 3 photoreceptor neuron array and demonstrate light coding and visual adaptation,” wrote the authors. “We also use the neuron module to simulate a bioinspired neural network model for image recognition.”
The artificial neuron developed by Wang, Gou and their colleagues has proved to be very promising so far, particularly for the energy-efficient implementation of computer vision and image recognition models. In the future, the researchers could fabricate other bio-inspired computing systems based on the newly developed device and test their performance on other computational tasks.
Written for you by our author Ingrid Fadelli, edited by Gaby Clark, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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More information:
Yin Wang et al, A biologically inspired artificial neuron with intrinsic plasticity based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide, Nature Electronics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-025-01433-y.
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Tech
I Test Many Coffee Machines for a Living. This One Gets to Stay
Coffee is the original office biohack and the nation’s most popular productivity tool. As we lose sleep to the changeover to daylight saving time, the caffeine-addicted WIRED Reviews team is writing about our favorite coffee brewing routines and devices that’ll keep us alert and maybe even happy in the morning. Today, reviewer Matthew Korfhage expounds on his lasting love for drip coffee—and why the Ratio Four never leaves his counter. In the days after, we’ll add other Java.Base stories about other WIRED writers’ favorite brewing methods.
As with any vice worth having, a morning coffee routine can take on the character of religion. And like a lot of religion, it’s often born as much accident as moral conviction. My denomination is good, old-fashioned drip coffee. That’s what I drink first thing, before I even think about crafting a shot of espresso.
I’m WIRED’s lead coffee writer and I’ve developed a deep fondness for coffee’s many variations, from espresso to Aeropress to cold brew. But “coffee” to me, in my deepest soul, still means a steaming mug of unadulterated drip. Luckily, that’s also the coffee arena that has been transformed the most by technology in recent years. The drip coffee from the Ratio Four coffee maker (now quietly on its second generation) feels to me like coffee’s purest form, the liquid distillation of what my coffee beans smell like fresh off the grinder.
My love of filter coffee began as a teenager traveling and studying in India—perhaps my first glimpse of adult freedom. This is where I drank the first full cup of coffee I remember finishing. In Jaipur, filter coffee was an intense, jet-black gravity brew typically mixed with milk and sugar. I decided that if I was going to drink coffee, I would take it straight and learn to like it on its own terms. A newfound friend, tipping jaggery into his own brew, laughed at my insistence I didn’t want sweetened milk. I then downed a cup so thick and strong and caffeinated it made my hairs stand at perpendicular. If I’d made a mistake, I refused to admit it.
I carried this preference back to Oregon, drinking unadulteratedly black, terrible drip coffee at all-night diners and foul office breakrooms. Black coffee had become a morality clause, though it was hardly a matter of taste.
It wasn’t until years later that I discovered that drip coffee could actually be an indulgence every bit as refined as pinkies-up espresso.
Upping the Drip
In part, this was a problem of technology. Aside from a classic Moccamaster, it’s only very recently that home drip coffee makers have been able to produce a truly excellent cup. For years, I didn’t keep one at my home.
What woke me up to drip’s possibilities was a new wave of cafes in Portland, first third-wave coffee pioneer Stumptown Coffee and then especially Heart Coffee Roasters in Portland. Heart’s Norwegian owner-roaster, Wille Yli-Luoma, expounded to me at length about the aromatic purity of light-roast immersion coffee—the fruity aromatics of a first-crack Ethiopian that could smack of peach or nectarine or blueberry. Scandinavians had long prized this, he told me, and had evolved light-roast coffee into pure craft. America was finally catching up.
Still, I could never quite get that same flavor or clarity on a home brewer. Not until recently. To get the best version, I still had to walk up the street to Heart and get my coffee from the guy who roasted it. Or I had to spend way too long drizzling water over coffee in a conical filter. I rarely wanted to do this while still bleary from sleep, already late for work.
Tech
It’s Time to Wrangle Your Messy Wires With Our Handy Guide to Cable Management
There’s a reason we’re called WIRED. If there’s one thing most of today’s gadgets have in common, it’s that they typically need to be plugged in from time to time. But all those cables, cords, and wires can be tough to manage. They don’t have to end up in a tangled nest under your desk; you can bring order to the cable chaos.
As a gadget reviewer, I have more cords than most people, which is why I also have a regimented cable management strategy to keep everything orderly. Here are my tips and product recommendations for hiding those cords and power strips, and keeping your desktop tidy.
Jump To:
Planning and Prep
Start by surveying the scene, unplugging and untangling everything, and removing anything that doesn’t need to be there. You might be surprised to find a stray USB-B or Micro-USB you haven’t used in years in the mix. Before you get started on cable management, take a slightly damp microfiber cloth and wipe down all the surfaces and cables. Now, you can start planning routes and figuring out which cables it would make sense to bundle together.
Ideally, cables will be the exact required length, so if you have spares or you don’t mind snagging some new cables, it’s worth switching and getting as close as possible to exact lengths to reduce the excess cable you have to hide. If you have a standing desk, remember to take into account the cable length required for a standing position (trust me, dear reader, it’s no fun when you hit stand on the desk and it pulls your PC tower into the air by a DisplayPort cable that is now forever stuck in that port).
Cable Management
Tidying your tech often comes back to cable management, but there are several ways to keep those cords neatly out of sight. Many desks have channels, grommets, and power strip trays built-in, so have a quick look to make sure you’re using what’s available. Some monitor arms also have built-in cable management. You also likely have a bunch of cable ties in your junk drawer or toolbox, so gather them together.
Tech
This Jammer Wants to Block Always-Listening AI Wearables. It Probably Won’t Work
Deveillance also claims the Spectre can find nearby microphones by detecting radio frequencies (RF), but critics say finding a microphone via RF emissions is not effective unless the sensor is immediately beside it.
“If you could detect and recognize components via RF the way Spectre claims to, it would literally be transformative to technology,” Jordan wrote in a text to WIRED after he built a device to test detecting RF signatures in microphones. “You’d be able to do radio astronomy in Manhattan.”
Deveillance is also looking at ways to integrate nonlinear junction detection (NLJD), a very high-frequency radio signal used by security professionals to find hidden mics and bugs. NLJD detectors are expensive and used primarily in professional contexts like military operations.
Even if a device could detect a microphone’s exact location, objects around a room can change how the frequencies spread and interact. The emitted frequencies could also be a problem. There haven’t been adequate studies to show what effects ultrasonic frequencies have on the human ear, but some people and many pets can hear them and find them obnoxious or even painful. Baradari acknowledges that her team needs to do more testing to see how pets are affected.
“They simply cannot do this,” engineer and YouTuber Dave Jones (who runs the channel EEVblog) wrote in an email to WIRED. “They are using the classic trick of using wording to imply that it will detect every type of microphone, when all they are probably doing is scanning for Bluetooth audio devices. It’s totally lame.” Baradari reiterates that the Spectre uses a combination of RF and Bluetooth low energy to detect microphones.
WIRED asked Baradari to share any evidence of the Spectre’s effectiveness at identifying and blocking microphones in a person’s vicinity. Baradari shared a few short videoclips of people putting their phones to their ears listening to audioclips—which were presumably jammed by the Spectre—but these videos do little to prove that the device works.
Future Imperfect
Baradari has taken the critiques in stride, acknowledging that the tech is still in development. “I actually appreciate those comments, because they’re making me think and see more things as well,” Baradari says. “I do believe that with the ideas that we’re having and integrating into one device, these concerns can be addressed.”
People were quick to poke fun at the Spectre I online, calling the technology the cone of silence from Dune. Now, the Deveillance website reads, “Our goal is to make the cone of silence become reality.”
John Scott-Railton, a cybersecurity researcher at Citizen Lab, who is critical of the Spectre I, lauded the device’s virality as an indication of the real hunger for these kinds of gadgets to win back our privacy.
“The silver lining of this blowing up is that it is a Ring-like moment that highlights how quickly and intensely consumer attitudes have shifted around pervasive recording devices,” says Scott-Railton. “We need to be building products that do all the cool things that people want but that don’t have the massive privacy- and consent-violation undertow. You need device-level controls, and you need regulations of the companies that are doing this.”
Cooper Quintin, a senior staff technologist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, echoed those sentiments, even if critics believe Deveillance’s efforts to be flawed.
“If this technology works, it could be a boon for many,” Quintin wrote in an email to WIRED. “It is nice to see a company creating something to protect privacy instead of working on new and creative ways to extract data from us.”
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