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Why Pakistan’s governance model is failing its youth | The Express Tribune
Unemployed young people pose challenges, can become positive force if governance system is fair and inclusive
ISLAMABAD:
What is a state? Why do people give up their rights to the state? How does it function? What are the responsibilities of a state? These are questions that have always been asked and debated throughout human history. A state aims to restrict, control, and eliminate injustice, external threats, and social injustice. But how?
The state establishes a fair governance system that upholds human equality, dignity, and liberty. Through this system, the state aims to provide basic needs, skills for growth, education to promote morality and values, and a peaceful living environment. It ensures that everyone – government, institutions, and individuals – is governed by the rule of law, which unites society.
In essence, a state’s strength depends on its governance system, which should focus on people, be anchored in the rule of law, be dedicated to justice and the fight against injustice, and hold officials accountable for ensuring a prosperous and safe life.
Now, the question is, how do we create such a state, who can undertake the job, and what qualities do those individuals possess? Islam outlined the characteristics of the state and its actors many centuries ago. Islam states that the system and its actors must be pious, transparent, accountable, selfless, and always serve as servants rather than rulers. Islam has provided a practical example of a welfare state, governed by the rule of law, with everyone submitting to it.
The state is always focused on people, giving priority to meeting the needs of its citizens and all creatures within its borders. The state must also provide social justice before seeking justice.
Pakistan was envisioned as a state with these characteristics. It was promised that the state would work to create a fairer social justice system, a welfare economy, respect human dignity, ensure sustainable peace, and operate through a people-centric governance system based on Islamic principles.
It will be ensured through inclusiveness and public participation, achieved by strengthening people’s democracy at the highest level. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah emphasised that a fair and just system of governance would be crucial to achieving these objectives.
Regrettably, after Jinnah’s death, the idea began to fade. The ruling elite could not grasp the Quaid-e-Azam’s vision. Justice and social justice have become the last priorities of the ruling class. The state, which was meant to serve as the guarantor of justice, was unable to do much to protect the vulnerable.
The elite ruling class and its actors exploit the weak with impunity. Those who were brought into the system as servants have become the rulers. They enjoy enormous benefits at the expense of the common man. They have burdened citizens with various taxes and bestowed themselves with extraordinary privileges. The lure of power’s perks and benefits is so strong that no one wants to relinquish it.
As a result, elitism, exploitation, injustice, and social and economic exclusion have become the defining features of the Pakistani system. Rent-seeking and corruption are common practices. Fairness, social justice, and inclusivity, which were meant to be the core principles of the state, have become alien to Pakistanis.
In modern Pakistan, exclusion and injustice are so widespread that they affect all levels of society. The story of exclusion begins with the education system and extends to access to livelihood opportunities, social status, security without discrimination, and growth prospects.
The biggest victims of this unfair and exclusionary system are the youth. On one side, most young people lack access to quality education and skill development, and on the other side, retired individuals prevent them from getting jobs, as they take on post-retirement roles.
The elite class has replaced merit with nepotism and bribery. This forces the youth to remain unemployed. It is a concerning trend, as youth (aged 30 and below) make up 64% of the population. This creates serious challenges for the country, security, and economic growth.
It is well known that youth can be a destructive or constructive force. If the system is fair and inclusive, young people will be a positive force; otherwise, no one can stop them from becoming destructive. Recently, we have seen Gen Z bring down many governments.
Against this backdrop, there is a need to reform the system to ensure it is fair and inclusive. Serious reforms are necessary to safeguard the social and economic interests of ordinary people, protect the life and dignity of every citizen, and guarantee justice and social equity for all without discrimination.
In this context, we have some suggestions for consideration. First, merit should be the guiding principle, not nepotism or any form of discrimination. Merit must consist of two components: 1) field competence and 2) high moral values such as integrity, selflessness, truthfulness, transparency, accountability, and honesty.
Second, the constitution should prohibit post-retirement appointments that favour the elite and are a criminal act. Third, the ruling class must live among ordinary citizens; there should be no gated communities. Fourth, everyone must obey the law, regardless of their situation or status. The ruling class must understand that the rule of law is fundamental to keeping the country united.
It is high time to bring in changes, as Pakistan is undergoing a series of constitutional reforms. Moreover, the much-debated topic of creating new provinces is included in the proposed 28th amendment, making the timing more relevant for enacting and piloting the reforms.
In conclusion, state leaders must understand that selective justice and social injustice are a recipe for failure and go against the teachings of Islam. Fair and accessible justice, along with social justice, is increasingly necessary. Therefore, the government should neither be too soft nor too harsh; it must be just and equitable.
The foundation of the government relies on justice and social justice at all levels. Without these, the government cannot endure, as seen in the example of the USSR. Despite its power, the USSR’s inability to deliver justice and social justice ultimately led to its collapse.
The writer is a political economist and visiting research fellow at Hebei University, China
Savers across the UK are being offered a record number of accounts and products and with interest rates still well above 4 per cent on the most competitive options, should make sure their cash is working hard.
Data from Moneyfacts shows the number of savings accounts has risen to 2,486, including ISAs, the highest number on record. Cash ISAs alone, meanwhile, also saw the largest monthly rise since May 2024 and, with 712 offers in total, is the most since Moneyfacts started recording.
Both numbers come as the final tax year gets underway in which all savers are able to deposit a full £20,000 annual allowance into a cash ISA.
Starting from April 2027, under-65s will only be able to save a maximum of £12,000 into the tax-free savings wrappers, with the additional £8,000 reserved for investment purposes, such as a stocks and shares ISA.
That’s as part of a wider push from the government to encourage more people to invest, to build future wealth.
High interest rates are important not only to earn a good return on cash, but to ensure money doesn’t lose its value, or buying power, when measured against rising prices; in other words, inflation, which currently sits at around 3 per cent and is set to rise.
That means consumers should whenever possible look to be beating that rate as a minimum when it comes to their saving accounts, and plenty of places are still offering 4.5 per cent and even higher right now.
“This year the competition around ISA season was particularly strong, fuelled by the fact that for savers under 65 it’s the final year for them to utilise their full £20,000 allowance. Providers have been enticing new deposits with attractive deals,” said Caitlyn Eastell, personal finance analyst at Moneyfacts.
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“Savers should be taking advantage of this all-time high, and it may be especially timely as the new tax-year is the perfect window to review their current deal and switch to ensure they can maximise their returns before thresholds tighten.
“The number of savings deals paying above the Bank of England base rate has surged to its highest level since December 2021. While this could largely be driven by base rate remaining unchanged several months, providers have also been proactively adjusting rates in response to shifting interest rate expectations.
“Fixed rates reflect this change, with the average one-year ISA rising to over 4 per cent, reaching its highest point since May 2025, while its non-ISA counterpart saw its biggest increase since September 2023. Savers may enjoy more competitive returns in this environment; however, it can be a tricky balancing act because sharp spikes to household bills and inflation could quickly catch up, meaning savers may be left out of pocket.”
Meanwhile, thisbank has pointed to growing evidence showing that many households have multiple money accounts, but no clear overview of their true financial position.
Reviewing accounts – including joint and old current accounts – can turn up unexpected cash reserves, help families realise which subscriptions they are paying for but are no longer using and aid better budgeting, the bank says, giving a better understanding of where income and expenses match up.
“For many households, financial stress is exacerbated by complexity. By taking a simple, step-by-step approach, people can implement structure and clarity in their everyday financial management,” said Chris Waring, CEO of thisbank, while recommending each savings account has a particular role, such as everyday spending, long-term emergency buffer or fixed-term saver accounts with strong rates for predictable returns.
Underlining the need to be aware of where consumers are choosing to put their cash, analysis by savings app Spring shows that a huge majority of premium, paid-for accounts come with poorer returns, tiered interest rates or withdrawal restrictions.
Under a quarter (23 per cent) of easy access savings accounts on premium current accounts on the market are free of additional restrictions, their research showed, which included lower returns after £4,000 in an account with one, a paltry 1.35 per cent on balances under £100,000 elsewhere and nearly a third (30 per cent) having withdrawal limits.
The FTSE 100 started the week on the back foot on Monday as hopes for a peace deal in the Middle East once more hung in the balance.
“Just when you think it is safe to go back in the water, the alarm is sounded again,” said Tom Stevenson, investment director, Fidelity International.
The FTSE 100 closed down 58.55 points, 0.6%, at 10,609.08. The FTSE 250 ended 265.71 points lower, 1.2%, at 22,940.21, and the AIM All-Share fell 1.77 points, 0.2%, to 808.34.
Friday’s optimism gave way to renewed fears that hostilities could resume in the Middle East war after Iran closed the Strait of Hormuz following its brief reopening.
“The market mood is very different at the start of the week compared to Friday,” said Kathleen Brooks, research director at XTB.
The price of crude oil had plunged Friday after Iran said it would again allow ships to pass through the key shipping route, the Strait of Hormuz.
But prices rose once more on Monday as Iran closed the waterway and said the US blockade and seizure of an Iranian cargo ship breached the two-week ceasefire.
Brent oil traded higher at 94.45 dollars a barrel on Monday afternoon, compared with 89.15 dollars at the time of the equities close in London on Friday.
Ms Brooks said the jump in oil prices and pull-back in stocks is a reminder that the current ceasefire that expires on Wednesday is “fragile”.
On Monday, Iran insisted it has no plan to attend a new round of negotiations with the US, although US President Donald Trump said he was sending negotiators to Pakistan for talks.
In European equities on Monday, the CAC 40 in Paris ended down 1.1%, and the DAX 40 in Frankfurt fell 1.2%.
In New York, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was down 0.1%, the S&P 500 was 0.3% lower, and the Nasdaq Composite declined 0.5%.
Strategists at HSBC and UBS remained bullish on equity markets despite the latest market unease.
“Our view remains that we have passed peak geopolitical risk. Both sides have a strong incentive to find a deal. That said, we have been urging investors to expect a bumpy road to a lasting peace,” said Mark Haefele at UBS.
While, Max Kettner at HSBC said: “Despite the recent rally across the risk asset spectrum our sentiment and positioning framework still sends a buy signal. In short: be quick.”
The yield on the US 10-year Treasury stretched to 4.26% on Monday compared with 4.24% on Friday. The yield on the US 30-year Treasury widened to 4.89% from 4.88%.
The pound eased to 1.3535 dollars on Monday afternoon from 1.3556 dollars on Friday. Against the euro, sterling firmed to 1.1486 euros from 1.1481 euros.
The euro traded lower against the greenback, falling to 1.1786 dollars on Monday from 1.1805 dollars on Friday. Against the yen, the dollar was trading higher at 158.58 yen, up from 158.08 yen.
On London’s FTSE 100, oil majors BP and Shell benefited from the rising oil price, up 2.9% and 2.5%, recouping some of Friday’s heavy falls, while British Airways owner IAG fell 2.2%.
On the FTSE 250, Renishaw led the risers, up 6.2%, as it raised full-year guidance reflecting buoyant demand and a further “substantial expansion of our order book”.
The Gloucestershire-based supplier of manufacturing technologies, analytical instruments and medical devices now expects revenue in the financial year to June of £775 million to £805 million, raised from guidance of £740 million to £780 million provided in February.
It projects adjusted pre-tax profit of £145 million to £165 million, lifted from £132 million to £157 million.
Plus500 gained 3.8% as it said customer income reached a five-year record high in the first quarter of 2026 as it forecast full-year revenue and earnings ahead of market expectations.
Reflecting a strong first quarter of 2026, the Israel-based trading platform operator said it expects 2026 revenue and Ebitda to be ahead of current market expectations which it put at 779.3 million dollars and 360.4 million dollars respectively.
Chief executive David Zruia said: “The group delivered an excellent performance in the quarter, with strong growth across key financial and operational metrics.”
Elsewhere, bid interest drove shares of Evoke and Advanced Medical Solutions higher.
William Hill owner Evoke jumped 4.1% after it said it is in discussions with US casino operator Bally’s Intralot regarding a possible all-share takeover offer worth more than £200 million.
Back in December, Evoke kicked off a strategic review, which it said could include a sale of the company, after the UK Government budget which the gambling firm warned would lift yearly duty costs by up to £135 million.
Meanwhile, Advanced Medical Solutions rose 16% as it confirmed it is in talks regarding a possible offer for the company, little more than 12 months after another potential suitor failed to secure a deal with the firm.
On Saturday, Sky News reported that Boston-based private equity firm TA Associates was preparing an offer for AMS worth around 280 pence per share, or £600 million in total.
On Monday, the Cheshire-based surgical dressings company confirmed the talks with TA Associates, but stressed there can be no certainty that a firm offer will be made.
In March 2025, AMS was the subject of bid interest from London-based mid-market private equity firm Montagu Private Equity LLP, although no formal offer materialised.
AJ Bell investment director Russ Mould noted the latest takeover talks mean that 20 firms on the UK stock market are already involved in bid discussions this year.
“Even though the would-be buyers are yet to set a price tag for five of the proposed transactions, the total value of bids on the table is already £29.3 billion, equivalent to the aggregate reached across all successful bids in 2025, and the largest sum at this stage for any year this decade,” he pointed out.
Mr Mould said the level of interest “suggests that would-be buyers still believe the UK stock market offers value”.
Gold traded at 4,806.14 dollars an ounce on Monday, down from 4,869.13 dollars at the same time on Friday.
The biggest risers on the FTSE 100 were Centrica, up 6.90p at 204.30p, BP, up 15.90p at 556.90p, Shell, up 78.50p at 3,274.50p, British American Tobacco, up 82.00p at 4,224.00p and SSE, up 47.00p at 2,516.50p.
The biggest fallers on the FTSE 100 were Metlen Energy & Metals, down 1.88p at 33.70p, Antofagasta, down 175.50p at 3,783.50p, Barratt Redrow, down 11.10p at 268.00p, Rolls Royce, down 48.20p at 1,262.40p and Fresnillo, down 120.00p at 3,662.00p.
Tuesday’s global economic calendar has UK unemployment and average earnings data at 7am, followed by US retail sales figures.
Tuesday’s local corporate calendar has a trading statement from miner Rio Tinto and half-year results from Primark owner Associated British Foods.
Contributed by Alliance News
New European border rules have caused delays at airports across the continent, affecting flights.
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