Tech
Humidity unlocks hidden power of ions in generating static electricity
Professor Dong-Myeong Shin and his team from the Department of Mechanical Engineering under the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) shed light on the contribution of ions in electric charge transfer, though their contribution differs with environmental humidity.
This discovery adds new insights into contact electrification, the phenomenon where static electricity is generated when two different materials touch and then separate. This effect is important for many technologies, including photocopiers, spray painting, energy collection, and self-powered sensors.
Challenging old beliefs about charge transfer
In their study, titled “Quantifying Electron and Ion Transfers in Contact Electrification with Ionomers,” published in Advanced Functional Materials, the team presents evidence that both electrons and ions are transferred at the same time when two solid surfaces come into contact. This challenges the long-held belief that only electrons are responsible for generating static electricity.
The researchers tested three types of films—an anionic ionomer called Nafion 211, a cationic ionomer named FAA-3, and a non-ionic polymer called Nylon—by rubbing them against a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film.
They analyzed how charges decayed under heat and used advanced techniques to detect surface ions. This allowed them to measure how much electrons and ions contributed to the charge transfer.
Humidity’s surprising role in ion transfer
It was discovered that different ionomer materials displayed distinct charge-transfer behaviors, with humidity greatly amplifying the role of ions. At a relative humidity level of above 50%, ion transfer not only enhanced surface charge density but also offset the depletion usually caused by moisture.
Remarkably, even though less than 2% of the ions actually moved across the interface, their impact was surprisingly large—they played a key role in stabilizing and strengthening static charges. To understand how this happens, the team used computer simulations, which revealed that water molecules absorbed into the ionomer formed tiny channels inside the material. These channels allowed ions to move more freely toward the surface, especially in humid conditions.
Implications for technology and materials
“This is the first time we could unambiguously separate and measure the contributions of electrons and ions in solid contact electrification,” said Dr. Xiaoting Ma, co-first author of the paper.
“By using Nafion and FAA films as model systems, we gained unique insights into how positive and negative ions behave differently depending on humidity.”
Professor Shin highlighted the broader impact: “By quantifying how much electrons and ions transfer during contact, we can develop new strategies to create materials that work reliably even in humid environments. This not only advances fundamental scientific understanding but also opens up new possibilities for eco-friendly technologies such as printing, coating, environmental monitoring, and energy harvesting.”
The team also found that introducing ions onto a non-ionic polymer surface significantly improved its resistance to humidity, offering a practical strategy for engineering robust triboelectric materials.
After integrating Nafion and FAA films into triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), the devices showed stable output even in humid environments, successfully powering an array of 78 LEDs and maintaining performance over thousands of cycles.
More information:
Xiaoting Ma et al, Quantifying Electron and Ion Transfers in Contact Electrification with Ionomers, Advanced Functional Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202506471
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Humidity unlocks hidden power of ions in generating static electricity (2025, November 13)
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Tech
Anthropic Plots Major London Expansion
Anthropic is moving into a new London office as it seeks to expand its research and commercial footprint in Europe, setting up a scrap between the leading AI labs for talent emerging from British universities.
The company, which opened its first London office in 2023, is moving to the same neighborhood as Google DeepMind, OpenAI, Meta, Wayve, Isomorphic Labs, Synthesia, and various AI research institutions.
Anthropic’s new, 158,000-square-foot office footprint will have space enough for 800 people—four times its current head count—giving it room to potentially outscale OpenAI, which itself recently announced an expansion in London.
“Europe’s largest businesses and fastest-growing startups are choosing Claude, and we’re scaling to match,” says Pip White, head of EMEA North at Anthropic. “The UK combines ambitious enterprises and institutions that understand what’s at stake with AI safety with an exceptional pool of AI talent—we want to be where all of that comes together.
UK government officials had reportedly attempted to coax Anthropic into expanding its presence in London after the company recently fell out with the US administration. Anthropic refused to allow its models to be used in mass surveillance and autonomous weapon systems, leading to an ongoing legal battle between the AI lab and the Pentagon.
As part of the expansion, Anthropic says it will deepen its work with the UK’s AI Security Institute, a government body that this week published a risk evaluation of its latest model, Claude Mythos Preview. According to Politico, the UK government is one of few across Europe to have been granted access to the model, which Anthropic has released to only select parties, citing concerns over the potential for its abuse by cybercriminals.
The increasing concentration of AI companies in the same London district is an important step in creating a pathway for research to translate into AI products, says Geraint Rees, vice-provost at University College London, whose campus is around the corner from Anthropic’s new office.
“This cluster didn’t emerge from a planning document. It grew because serious researchers and companies understand that proximity isn’t a nice-to-have,” he said last month, speaking at an event attended by WIRED. “That’s how the innovation system actually works. It’s not a clean, linear transfer from lab to market. It’s messier, richer, more human than that.”
Tech
LG’s High-End Soundbar System Makes My Living Room Feel Like a Home Theater
Setup was relatively quick and painless. You just have to unbox four speakers, a soundbar, and a subwoofer, attach their power cables, and plug in everything. Pairing happens through the LG ThinQ app, which allows you to set up the Sound Suite system and tune it to exactly where you’re sitting in the room using your cell phone’s microphone.
You can also set up each speaker to play music and group it with any other LG smart speakers you might have around your home, like the more affordable $250 M5 bookshelf speaker, to create a whole-home system.
Once all the components were synced, I plugged the soundbar into the C5 OLED via HDMI, and was able to easily control everything via the TV remote’s volume and mute buttons. More in-depth settings had to happen in the app, but if you’re anything like me, this won’t become a regular chore. You’ll set it how you like it once and move on. While the pairing functionality with the LG TV was nice, it’s not required–the eARC port lets the Sound Suite work perfectly with any modern TV.
The bar itself runs the show, with a black-and-white display on the far left that shows your mode and volume, among other settings. In the center of the bar and below each speaker, an LED light strip that also shows you the volume when you change it, which is a nice touch.
Getting Musical
Photograph: Parker Hall
The sound of the LG Sound Suite is full and cinematic, thanks in no small part to the extra dedicated speakers. Most competitors lack front left and right, simply opting to use the soundbar for these channels. As such, the width and breadth of the soundstage were bigger than most competitors I’ve tried, with only Samsung’s flagship HW-Q990F as a real contender. Even the Samsung lacked the lower-frequency audio quality that these LG speakers provide.
Tech
Cyber Essentials closes the MFA loophole but leaves some organisations adrift | Computer Weekly
On 27 April, the government backed security certification scheme, Cyber Essentials v3.3, takes effect and multi-factor authentication (MFA) becomes a pass-or-fail requirement for the first time.
If a cloud service your organisation uses offers MFA and you have not enabled it, you fail. No discretion, no partial credit, no route to remediate inside the assessment cycle.
This is the right call. I want to say that clearly, because what follows is a problem with the implementation, not the policy. MFA is the single most effective control against credential-based attacks, and the scheme has needed to stop tolerating its absence for a long time. The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), part of GCHQ, which developed Cyber Essentials and certification company, IASME have got this decision right.
But in the assessments we have conducted this year, I have seen two organisations that will hit a wall on 27 April, and I do not think they are unusual.
Train company could not deploy MFA
The first is a train operating company in the South East. Station operations rooms run on shared terminals where staff rotate through shifts in time-critical conditions. A transport union raised formal concerns that MFA would introduce delays at the keyboard that could affect train operations and, in their view, the safety of train movements.
The company listened and chose not to enable MFA in those environments. Under v3.2 they passed, with the relevant questions marked as non-compliant but not fatal. Under Cyber Essentials v3.3 they will fail.
Charity run by volunteers faces MFA hurdle
The second is a nationally known charity with hundreds of high street shops. The shops are staffed largely by volunteers many of whom work a few hours a week, and staff turnover is high.
The cost and management overhead of enrolling every volunteer onto MFA, using personal phones they may not have and authenticator apps they would not keep, was considered prohibitive. So MFA was never switched on. Same story: they passed under v3.2. Under v3.3 they fail.
Neither of these organisations is ignoring security. Both made considered decisions based on how their people actually work. The problem is not that they do not want to comply. It is that the standard toolkit of MFA methods, including SMS codes, authenticator apps on personal phones, and push notifications, does not fit a six-person shared terminal that has to be available in seconds, or a volunteer workforce that changes every week.
FIDO2 could offer solutions
The frustrating part is that there is a solution, and it is already proven in healthcare, manufacturing and retail. FIDO2 authentication delivered through NFC badge-taps lets a staff member authenticate in under two seconds: tap a badge, enter a short PIN, session opens.
It satisfies the MFA requirement by combining possession of the badge with knowledge of the PIN. It is faster than typing a password. Crucially, it is compliant, because each badge is enrolled as that individual’s unique FIDO2 credential, so the Cyber Essentials requirement for unique user accounts is met. Shared keys or shared PINs would not work. Individual badges do.
Need for better guidance
v3.3 explicitly recognises FIDO2 authenticators and passkeys as valid MFA methods. The compliance path is clear. What is missing is anyone telling the organisations most affected that this path exists.
That is the gap that must close. The NCSC and IASME have made the right policy decision; the scheme would be weaker without it.
But implementation guidance for shared-terminal, shift-based and high-turnover environments is thin, and these organisations are running out of time to find their way through it. Many of them hold Cyber Essentials because it is required for government contracts or in their supply chains; losing certification has a direct commercial cost.
The answer is not to soften the requirement. The answer is to make sure no one fails for lack of information about how to meet it.
Jonathan Krause is Founder and Managing Director of Forensic Control
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